Habituation: Occurrence at a Neuromuscular Junction

Bruner, J.; Kennedy, Donald

doi:10.1126/science.169.3940.92

Cited by 77 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The first and most important of these involves interpretation of the response facilitations produced by trial-tempo increments. This result was consistent with our expectations from neurophysiological studies (Bruner & Kennedy, 1970) concerned with the problem of habituation, studies that provided the original impetus for the series of experiments described in this report. The neurophysiological evidence available at the present time indicates that habituation is the result of an inhibitory process.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Therefore, one can question whether the effects we obtained are really examples of "disinhibition," a term that is usually applied to response recoveries produced by novel (extraneous) stimuli. In fact, when adopting an analog to the Bruner and Kennedy (1970) experimental procedure as the paradigm for Experiments I-III, we were explicitly looking for other ways of reinstating extinguished behavior. If one takes the view that any measure of momentary response strength is the resultant of some plus factor (e.g., "excitation") and some minus factor (e.g., "inhibition"), then increases in behavior can arise in at least three distinctive ways: (1) inhibition may dissipate as a function of time (an example would be spontaneous recovery), (2) some additional excitatory effect may be added that overrides the inhibition, and (3) inhibition may itself be inhibited.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The neurophysiological work involved manipulations of the frequency of repeated stimulation (see Horn &Hinde, 1970, andThompson &Spencer, 1966, for extended discussions). For example, in recording from postsynaptic sites, Bruner and Kennedy (1970) found that habituated evoked potentials at neuromuscular junctions in the crayfish could be reinstated not only by a period of several minutes without stimulation but also by increases in stimulus frequency. To perform an analogous manipulation in a behavioral (operant) situation, we increased the rate of trial presentations (5.sec key illuminations) after a pigeon's keypecking had been conditioned and extinguished with relatively infrequent trials.…”

Section: Indiana University Bloomington Indiana 47401mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The “disinhibition” of extinguished operant behavior in pigeons: Trial-tempo shifts and novel stimulus effects

Hearst

Franklin

Mueller

1974

Animal Learning & Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

After conditioning and extinction of keypecking with 25-sec intertrial intervals between key illuminations, an immediate change to 5-sec intertrial intervals reinstated pecking during trials. Brief illuminations of the chamber during intertrial intervals also temporarily restored extinguished keypecking. The same manipulations of trial tempo and chamber illumination usually weakened well established, still reinforced keypecking. No recovery of extinguished behavior occurred when the intertrial interval was shifted upward from 5 sec to 25 sec. These and other behavioral findings were examined in relation to (a) Pavlov's and Skinner's research and views on "disinhibition" and "external inhibition" and to (b) analogous phenomena in physiological studies of habituation and dishabituation. The reliable evidence of disinhibition obtained in the present experiments suggests the involvement of an inhibitory process in extinction.Disinhibition refers to the temporary reinstatement of an extinguished CR when an extraneous stimulus is presented (Pavlov, 1927). Demonstrations of this phenomenon, as well as the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery, helped convince Pavlov that an active inhibitory process is involved in the loss of a CR during extinction; extinction does not erase the excitation established by prior reinforcement, but builds up an inhibitory force that counteracts the excitation present in the situation. Furthermore, he viewed disinhibition as the "inhibition of an inhibition" rather than as the addition of some new excitatory effect to the situation. In support of the former alternative, he demonstrated that the same extraneous stimuli which produce disinhibition of an extinguished CR would usually decrease a well established and still reinforced CR ("external inhibition").Most experimental examples of disinhibition have been obtained with Pavlovian conditioning procedures. Skinner (1938) tried but was unable to demonstrate disinhibition of operant behavior (for example, by tossing rat Ss in the air during extinction of leverpressing). Similarly, Boakes (1973) was unsuccessful in his attempts to use a flashing light to disinhibit extinguished keypecking in pigeons. Skinner believed that evidence of disinhibition in operant conditioning would bolster the argument of other workers that a concept of inhibition is needed in analyzing behavior. His failure to obtain disinhibition was one of the reasons he concluded that inhibitory processes need not be postulated.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Indiana University Bloomington Indiana 47401mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The “disinhibition” of extinguished operant behavior in pigeons: Trial-tempo shifts and novel stimulus effects

Hearst

Franklin

Mueller

1974

Animal Learning & Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…At the stimulus frequency used (0.2 Hz), there was a gradual decrease in EJP amplitude over the recording period due to low-frequency synaptic depression (Fig. 4, B-E, black diamonds) as reported previously in this preparation (Dunn and Mercier 2005) and at other arthropod synapses (Bruner and Kennedy 1970;Bryan and Atwood 1981). Low-frequency depression occurred in all 4 muscle cells, and the degree of depression was not significantly different between them (1-way ANOVA, F ϭ 2.939, P Ͼ 0.05; Fig.…”

Section: Ejpsmentioning

confidence: 52%

Cell-selective modulation of theDrosophilaneuromuscular system by a neuropeptide

Ormerod

Krans

Mercier

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ormerod KG, Krans JL, Mercier AJ. Cell-selective modulation of the Drosophila neuromuscular system by a neuropeptide. J Neurophysiol 113: 1631-1643, 2015. First published December 17, 2014 doi:10.1152/jn.00625.2014.-Neuropeptides can modulate physiological properties of neurons in a cell-specific manner. The present work examines whether a neuropeptide can also modulate muscle tissue in a cell-specific manner using identified muscle cells in third-instar larvae of fruit flies. DPKQDFMRFa, a modulatory peptide in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, has been shown to enhance transmitter release from motor neurons and to elicit contractions by a direct effect on muscle cells. We report that DPKQDFMRFa causes a nifedipinesensitive drop in input resistance in some muscle cells (6 and 7) but not others (12 and 13). The peptide also increased the amplitude of nerve-evoked contractions and compound excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) to a greater degree in muscle cells 6 and 7 than 12 and 13. Knocking down FMRFamide receptor (FR) expression separately in nerve and muscle indicate that both presynaptic and postsynaptic FR expression contributed to the enhanced contractions, but EJP enhancement was mainly due to presynaptic expression. Muscle ablation showed that DPKQDFMRFa induced contractions and enhanced nerve-evoked contractions more strongly in muscle cells 6 and 7 than cells 12 and 13. In situ hybridization indicated that FR expression was significantly greater in muscle cells 6 and 7 than 12 and 13. Taken together, these results indicate that DPKQDFMRFa can elicit cellselective effects on muscle fibers. The ability of neuropeptides to work in a cell-selective manner on neurons and muscle cells may help explain why so many peptides are encoded in invertebrate and vertebrate genomes.

show abstract

“…However, other models can make similar predictions. For example, on the basis of experiments with altered Ca2+/Mg2+ ratios Bruner & Kennedy (1970) suggested that synaptic depression at motor giant neurone-to-fast flexor muscle synapses in the escape reflex pathway may be due to propagation failures in motor neurone terminals. The precise equality of percentage inhibition and protection would follow from this hypothesis if presynaptic inhibition were to operate n an all-none fashion, fully blocking propagation into some terminal arbor branches (which would then not alter their properties during habituation) and permitting propagation into others.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presynaptic inhibition: the mechanism of protection from habituation of the crayfish lateral giant fibre escape response.

Bryan¹,

Krasne²

1977

The Journal of Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY1. The mechanism of protection from habituation of the lateral giant escape reflex of the crayfish was studied. Experiments were designed to determine whether presynaptic inhibition of primary afferents for the reflex occurs following escape command neurone firing, and if so, whether it could account for protection of the first synapse from depression.2. Synaptic transmission between afferents and interneurone A of the escape reflex is strongly inhibited following giant fibre spikes.3. Giant fibre firing results in post-synaptic inhibition of interneurone A. However, inhibition of afferent input to interneurone A consistently outlasts both i.p.s.p.s and post-synaptic conductance increases in the neurone; the inhibition, therefore, is probably not exclusively postsynaptic.4. Giant fibre firing results in excitability changes in sensory afferent terminals as measured by the amplitude of antidromic compound action potentials to focal electrical stimuli applied in the region of afferent terminals in the last abdominal ganglion. The time course of this effect parallels those of protection and inhibition of the first synapse.5. The magnitude and time course of protection and inhibition of transmission to interneurone A parallel each other closely. Both processes considerably outlast measurable signs of post-synaptic inhibition.6. We conclude that following giant fibre activity the first synapse of the lateral giant reflex is presynaptically inhibited, and the presynaptic inhibition is responsible for the protection effect described in the preceding paper.

show abstract

Habituation: Occurrence at a Neuromuscular Junction

Cited by 77 publications

References 13 publications

The “disinhibition” of extinguished operant behavior in pigeons: Trial-tempo shifts and novel stimulus effects

The “disinhibition” of extinguished operant behavior in pigeons: Trial-tempo shifts and novel stimulus effects

Cell-selective modulation of theDrosophilaneuromuscular system by a neuropeptide

Presynaptic inhibition: the mechanism of protection from habituation of the crayfish lateral giant fibre escape response.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About