Haemodynamic stress-induced breaches of the arterial intima trigger inflammation and drive atherogenesis

PCSK9 inhibition and inflammation: A narrative review

“…A number of studies have described pathways leading to vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis. Flow perturbations on endothelial cells (EC), particularly at areas of complex geometry, predispose to lesion development [14]. These areas express adhesion molecules and inflammatory genes to a higher extent [15].…”

Targeting Foam Cell Formation in Atherosclerosis: Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products

“…In contrast, regions of high laminar shear stress, such as thoracic aorta, are protected against atherosclerosis (Davies, 2009;Chiu and Chien, 2011;Rezvan et al, 2011;Abe and Berk, 2014;Baeyens et al, 2016;Niu et al, 2019). Shear stress can also regulate atherosclerosis by causing the breach of the intimal layer that leads to increase of inflammation, leukocyte adhesion, and the occurrence of late stage atherothrombotic events (Franck et al, 2019). Therefore, the integrity of the vascular endothelium is critical for maintaining endothelial function, such as regulation of vascular tone, antioxidative response, and antithrombotic effects (Vanhoutte et al, 2017;Nafisa et al, 2018).…”

High-Resolution Episcopic Microscopy (HREM): Looking Back on 13 Years of Successful Generation of Digital Volume Data of Organic Material for 3D Visualisation and 3D Display

“…In humans, HREM was successfully employed to develop a novel concept for dermal vascularisation in thick [99,100] and thin skin [101] and to analyse the topology of arteries and nerves in the auricle [102]. Besides this, it recently permitted the characterisation of plaques in the coronary arteries [103].…”

“…Even the first publication included an example for visualising LacZ-stained tissues in mouse embryos and NBT/BCIP signals after whole-mount in situ hybridisation in zebrafish embryos [17]. However, despite these efforts, visualising specific stained tissues is still experimental and restricted to small specimens and specimens composed of loose and easy-to-penetrate tissues [103,110,111]. Protocols for late embryos and dense tissues are eagerly anticipated and will open new fields of applications for HREM.…”