Halitosis: an overview of epidemiology, etiology and clinical management

Rösing, Cassiano Kuchenbecker; Loesche, Walter J.

doi:10.1590/s1806-83242011000500015

Cited by 90 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Population-based studies showed variations in prevalence estimates of halitosis, ranging between 6% and 72%. 2,23,24,25 In comparison with other populations, the prevalence observed in this sample may be considered low. However, this prevalence of approximately 22% may have an important impact, considering that the population studied is composed of dental students.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

“…23 Pseudo-halitosis is characterized by the absence of clinical determination of halitosis, but there is a clear complaint about it by the individual. 2,28 This should be contextualized in the present study. One limitation of self-reported halitosis is the possible overestimation of the prevalence rates by pseudo-halitosis cases in the sample studied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Nevertheless, the majority of studies suggest that moderate halitosis affects about one third of individuals, whereas severe halitosis affects less than 5% of the population. 2 It's worth mentioning that there is very little evidence regarding the occurrence of halitosis in adolescents and young adults. Moreover, halitosis has been related to various factors, including physiological factors, such as biofilm accumulation in the tongue, going without eating for prolonged periods, ingestion of some types of foods/spices and tobacco use, 3 as well as systemic 4 and oral diseases, mainly periodontal diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self-reported halitosis and associated demographic and behavioral factors

et al. 2016

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Self-reported halitosis and associated demographic and behavioral factorsAbstract: Halitosis is still poorly studied in young adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of self-reported halitosis and associate it with demographic and behavioral factors in young adult dental students. This cross-sectional study was designed as a census of students enrolled in three initial and three final semesters of a dental course in a Brazilian public university. Of 284 eligible students, 257 (90.5%) completed a self-administered questionnaire. Self-reported halitosis was the primary study outcome, and was assessed with the question "do you feel you have bad breath?". Data on age, gender, frequency of tooth brushing and interproximal cleaning, tongue cleaning, mouth rinse use and dry mouth were collected using the questionnaire, and were considered independent variables. Of the students surveyed, 26.5% reported as never, 51.7% as rarely, 21.4% as sometimes, and 0.4% as always feeling they had halitosis. Morning halitosis was reported by 90.6% of those who reported halitosis. In the final multiple model, last semester students had a 55% lower chance of reporting halitosis, compared with students from the first semesters [odds ratio (OR) 0.46; 95%CI 0.24-0.89]. Women had a 2.57fold higher chance of reporting halitosis (OR = 2.57; 95%CI 1.12-5.93). Dry mouth increased the chance of self-reported halitosis 3.95-fold, compared with absence of dry mouth (OR = 3.95; 95%CI 2.03-7.68). It can be concluded that self-reports of halitosis were low among dental students, but may represent an important complaint. Gender, dry mouth and level of college education of the dentist were factors significantly associated with self-reported halitosis.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self-reported halitosis and associated demographic and behavioral factors

et al. 2016

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“…Segundo a literatura, 90% dos casos de halitose são atribuídos a causas provenientes da própria cavidade bucal 13 , podendo estar associados a doença periodontal, cárie dentária 1,[5][6][7]10,12,[14][15][16] , processos endodônticos, impactação alimentar, áreas de necrose tecidual 3,10 , presença de corpo estranho no seio maxilar 17 , acúmulo de placa bacteriana, senilidade das glândulas salivares 18 e, principalmente, presença de saburra lingual 3,5,7,10,14,19 .…”

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“…Em relação à etiologia extraoral ou sistêmica da halitose, podem-se considerar: o diabetes mellitus; as alterações hormonais; o estresse 4,18 ; o tratamento por quimioterapia ou radioterapia 20 ; a bronquite; os problemas renais; a sinusite; a amigdalite; outras doenças otorrinolaringológicas 1,16 ; as disfunções metabólicas; o uso de drogas, e a xerostomia 14,18 . É importante ressaltar que raramente a causa da halitose está relacionada ao trato digestório, o que somente é perceptível em casos de eructação gástrica ou arroto, e refluxo gastroesofágico 3 .…”

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Avaliação da percepção pessoal em relação à condição de halitose e confirmação clínica

Leandrin

Boeck

Ricci

et al. 2015

Rev. odontol. UNESP

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ResumoIntrodução: A halitose é uma condição em que o hálito se apresenta de forma desagradável, acometendo milhares de pessoas e causando impacto negativo para as mesmas. Objetivo: A presente pesquisa em campo buscou avaliar a percepção pessoal em relação à condição de halitose por meio de aplicação de questionário específico e confirmação clínica. Material e método: A amostra foi composta por 59 indivíduos entre 20 e 60 anos de idade, usuários de Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Araraquara, que foram selecionados de forma aleatória. A metodologia empregada constituiu-se de: i) Assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido; ii) Aplicação de questionário especialmente elaborado para esta pesquisa; iii) Confirmação clínica, com a aplicação do teste com halímetro (Tanita Breath Alert CHC-212S). Após o experimento, todos receberam folhetos informativos com dados gerais sobre halitose. Os resultados obtidos foram agrupados em tabelas de contingência, construídas pelo Microsoft Excel, sendo então analisados pelo teste do Qui-quadrado. Resultado e conclusão: Após análises, conclui-se que as pessoas perderam a capacidade de perceber o próprio hálito quando tinham halitose; não tiveram condições de se autoavaliarem de forma eficaz; os fatores de riscos que influenciaram na halitose foram: idade superior aos 40 anos, uso de alguns tipos de medicamentos, algumas patologias, frequência de visita ao Dentista e falhas em procedimentos de higiene bucal, tais como escovação dentária, uso do fio dental, limpeza da língua e limpeza de próteses. Os outros fatores pesquisados não se mostraram estatisticamente suficientes para estabelecerem relação de influência na halitose.Descritores: Halitose; diagnóstico; bactérias anaeróbias. AbstractIntroduction: Halitosis is a condition characterized by unpleasant breath, affecting thousands of people and causing a negative impact on them. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate self-perception of halitosis condition by applying a specific questionnaire and having clinical evaluation. Material and method: The sample was composed by 59 randomly selected voluntaries between the ages of 20 and 60 years old who were users of Basic Health Units of Araraquara. The methodologies applied were: 1. Signature of informed consent; 2. Application of standardized questionnaire specially designed for this research; 3. Clinical confirmation through halimeter (Tanita Breath Alert CHC-212S). After the experimental phase, all the volunteers received a document with general information about halitosis (causes and treatment). The results were grouped in Microsoft Excel tables and analyzed by Chi-square test. Result and conclusion: After the analyses, it was concluded that people had lost the ability to perceive their own breath when they had halitosis and they are unable to evaluate themselves effectively; the risky factors that influenced the halitosis were: people over the age of 40, the use some types of drugs, some diseases, frequency of visit to the dentist and poor oral hygiene including bad...

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