Halitosis and the Tonsils: A Review of Management

Ferguson, Matthew; Aydın, Murat; Mickel, Joseph

doi:10.1177/0194599814544881

Cited by 34 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Previous reports have suggested that the most common cause of extraoral halitosis is the tonsils [ 11 , 12 ], and chronic tonsillitis is the actual cause of idiopathic halitosis in most cases [ 13 ]. It has also been reported that about 3% of all halitosis are secondary to pathology of the palatine tonsils [ 14 ]. The palatine tonsils continuously sample antigens from inhaled air, foods, and the microbiota.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Adult and Pediatric Chronic Tonsillitis Patients Receiving Tonsillectomy

Choi

Lee

Kim

et al. 2018

Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol

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Objectives. To study the volatile sulfur compound (VSC) concentration profile in chronic tonsillitis patients before and after tonsillectomy, and to evaluate the difference between adult and pediatric (children and adolescents) patients.Methods. Thirty adult patients (older than 20 years old) and 30 pediatric patients (younger than 20 years old) who were assigned to get tonsillectomy due to chronic tonsillitis were enrolled in this prospective nonrandomized clinical study. The concentrations of the three main VSCs related to halitosis (hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide) were assessed in each patient using a portable chromatograph (Oral ChromaTM) at 1 day before operation, postoperative 1 day, 1 week, and 2 weeks.Results. Average concentration of hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide preoperatively were 99.5 ppb, 24.6 ppb, and 9.45 ppb in adult patients, and 97.4 ppb, 26 ppb, and 10.5 ppb in pediatric patients, respectively. The concentrations of the three VSCs in both groups were highest in first day after surgery, and decreased signigicantly after 2 weeks compared to preoperative values (P<0.001). There was no significant difference of the concentration of the three VSCs between adult and pediatric patients in any time point.Conclusion. The concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide decreased significantly after tonsillectomy in chronic tonsillitis patients. The concentrations of the three VSCs were not significantly different between pediatric and adult patients before and after tonsillectomy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Adult and Pediatric Chronic Tonsillitis Patients Receiving Tonsillectomy

Choi

Lee

Kim

et al. 2018

Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol

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“…Pathologic subjective halitosis (Type 5) is known as a halitosis complaint without objective confirmation by others or by halitometer measurement [3]. That is, the patient believes there is halitosis, but no odor is clinically detectable [4]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, and social anxiety in young Japanese women

et al. 2017

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BackgroundPathologic subjective halitosis is known as a halitosis complaint without objective confirmation of halitosis by others or by halitometer measurements; it has been reported to be associated with social anxiety disorder. Olfactory reference syndrome is a preoccupation with the false belief that one emits a foul and offensive body odor. Generally, patients with olfactory reference syndrome are concerned with multiple body parts. However, the mouth is known to be the most common source of body odor for those with olfactory reference syndrome, which could imply that the two conditions share similar features. Therefore, we investigated potential causal relationships among pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupations with body part odors.MethodsA total of 1360 female students (mean age 19.6 ± 1.1 years) answered a self-administered questionnaire regarding pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupation with odors of body parts such as mouth, body, armpits, and feet. The scale for pathologic subjective halitosis followed that developed by Tsunoda et al.; participants were divided into three groups based on their scores (i.e., levels of pathologic subjective halitosis). A Bayesian network was used to analyze causal relationships between pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupations with body part odors.ResultsWe found statistically significant differences in the results for olfactory reference syndrome and social anxiety among the various levels of pathologic subjective halitosis (P < 0.001). Residual analyses indicated that students with severe levels of pathologic subjective halitosis showed greater preoccupations with mouth and body odors (P < 0.05). Bayesian network analysis showed that social anxiety directly influenced pathologic subjective halitosis and olfactory reference syndrome. Preoccupations with mouth and body odors also influenced pathologic subjective halitosis.ConclusionsSocial anxiety may be a causal factor of pathologic subjective halitosis and olfactory reference syndrome.

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“…Las halitosis de origen oral serán más detectables al exhalar por la boca, en cambio, aquellas que sean consecuencia de patología rinosinusal serán más detectables al exhalar por la nariz. Otras causas de halitosis pueden ser igualmente detectables tanto al exhalar por la boca como por la nariz 20 . Dentro de las ventajas de este examen se encuentra que es barato, no requiere equipamiento y permite reconocer un amplio rango de olores.…”

Section: Clasificaciónunclassified

“…Respecto a la tonsilolitiasis, durante muchos años se ha considerado una indicación relativa de amigdalectomía cuando ésta presenta un impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, nuevas técnicas como la ablación por radiofrecuencia controlada por temperatura y la criptolisis amigdalina asistida con láser CO 2 han demostrado ser igual de efectiva que la amigdalectomía en el manejo de la halitosis asociada a la tonsilolitiasis, con menor dolor posoperatorio y menor riesgo de sangrado 20,41,42 . De éstas últimas, la criptolisis amigdalina asistida con láser CO 2 demostró tener menor dolor posoperatorio, menor riesgo de sangrado y progresión más rápida a una dieta habitual 43 .…”

Section: Tratamientounclassified

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Halitosis en otorrinolaringología: Una revisión de la literatura

2019

Rev. Otorrinolaringol. Cir. Cabeza Cuello

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ResumeNLa halitosis es un motivo de consulta frecuente y que puede repercutir de gran manera en la calidad de vida de quien la presenta. Puede dividirse en halitosis genuina, pseudohalitosis y halitofobia. De las halitosis genuinas, cerca del 90% son secundarias a patología de la cavidad oral. En otorrinolaringología, las principales causas responden a tonsilolitiasis, patología rinosinusal y cuerpos extraños nasales. Existen distintos métodos diagnósticos que permiten medir e identificar la halitosis, con sus beneficios y desventajas. Las medidas generales de higiene oral, así como intervenciones específicas deben estar basadas en la evidencia a cargo de un equipo multidisciplinario que permita garantizar mejores resultados. AbstRACtHalitosis is a frequent health problem, that can have a huge impact in the quality of life of those affected. It can be classified as genuine halitosis, pseudohalitosis and halitophobia. Of genuine halitosis, approximately 90% is originated from the oral cavity. In otorhinolaryngology, most frequent causes are tonsiloliths, rhinosinusitis and nasal foreign bodies. There are different diagnostic methods, each one with its benefits and disadvantages. General measures of oral hygiene, as specific interventions must be evidence-based in charge of a multidisciplinary team that guarantees better results.

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Halitosis and the Tonsils: A Review of Management

Cited by 34 publications

References 44 publications

Assessment of Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Adult and Pediatric Chronic Tonsillitis Patients Receiving Tonsillectomy

Assessment of Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Adult and Pediatric Chronic Tonsillitis Patients Receiving Tonsillectomy

Relationships between pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, and social anxiety in young Japanese women

Halitosis en otorrinolaringología: Una revisión de la literatura

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