Hallmarks of Alzheimer disease are evolving relentlessly in Metropolitan Mexico City infants, children and young adults. APOE4 carriers have higher suicide risk and higher odds of reaching NFT stage V at ≤ 40 years of age

Pre‐natal brain development as a target for urban air pollution

“…6 We also found that air pollution exposure during childhood is inversely associated with brain executive trajectories, 7 and others have found an inverse association with academic achievement 8 and higher risk of pathological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease. 9 However, the evidence is still inadequate, given the limitations in (a) characterizing brain development (most studies were based on subjective tools) and (b) air pollution exposure (most studies only used residential levels based on geographical modelling and also overlooking the variation in the mixture of air pollutants as well as the composition and hence toxicity of particulate pollutants in different settings), (c) the lack of studies during the most vulnerable stages of brain development (foetal and early life (first two years post-natally 10 )) and (d) the lack of structural and functional imaging data underlying these effects.…”

Using Cross-Cultural Studies to Improve Evidence on Dementia Prevention: Lessons from the Special Issue Sponsored by the International Research Network on Dementia Prevention (IRNDP)

“…Environmental health issues are likely to be extremely relevant to ADRD risk in LMICs. For example, as Peters notes, prior autopsy studies in Mexico City found that exposure to urban air pollution predicted a greater neuropathologic burden even among children and young adults [14]. Developing a foundation of evidence on environmental determinants of ADRD risk is a high priority topic for global dementia research.…”

Diurnal variation in the proinflammatory activity of urban fine particulate matter (PM2.5) by in vitro assays

“…Microglia were used for in vitro assays of oxidative and inflammatory responses to PM 2.5 exposures because of their increasingly recognized role in environmental neurotoxicology ( Krafft, 2015 ). Air pollution can induce premature microglial activation, as documented in rodent models ( Cheng et al , 2016a ; Hanamsagar & Bilbo, 2017 ; Morgan et al , 2011 ) and as indicated for young adults living in the highly polluted Mexico City ( Calderón-Garcidueñas et al , 2008 ; Calderón-Garcidueñas et al , 2018 ). Microglia (BV-2) cell cultures were assayed for induction of nitric oxide (NO) and for proinflammatory gene mRNA responses of interleukins 6 and 1β (IL-6 & IL-1β), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), also known as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2).…”