“…For example, the threshold voltage variation (σVt) is known to be limited by short-channel effect (SCE), line edge roughness (LER),gate electrode work-function (WF) variation, discrete random dopant fluctuation (RDF) and metallurgical junction front edge roughness(FER). The impact of threshold voltage variation on digital and analogue circuits becomes extremely important [1,2,3,4]. This local variation is known as mismatch.…”