“…It has been applied in the aerospace, biomechanical, and electronic industries [1]. Most Ti-6Al-4V components are fabricated by conventional techniques involving a significant amount of machining, such as turning, end milling, drilling, reaming, tapping, sawing, and grinding, accompanied by a high loss of raw materials [2,3]. However, high chemical reactivity, low thermal conductivity, high strength, and low elastic modulus result in the poor machinability of Ti-6Al-4V alloy [4].…”