Handling Points of Interest (POIs) on a Mobile Web Map Service Linked to Indoor Geospatial Objects: A Case Study

Abstract

Abstract:Managing geo-based indoor content is important, because the components used to construct an urban environment are complex. Geospatial data are available worldwide, but services are tailored only to local features. As the accuracy of online maps increases, the buildings in a web-mapping service can be created exactly as they are, in terms of actual features and geometric properties, and can provide some information on indoor elements. Nevertheless, not many practical use cases exist, as the available scope and volume of indoor content are limited. In Korea's metropolitan areas, an indoor geospatial information management scheme was built to manage internal facility information for public and underground buildings on a three-dimensional (3D) basis and to provide online visualization services for users. Based on this enterprise system for public use of indoor 3D content, we conducted a case study with add-on features to manipulate and manage data by adding two-dimensional (2D) building data that are linked to the 3D models. We also changed the classification system of the points of interest (POIs) for each internal facility. To enhance public usability, a portion of the usable information in this scheme can be offered via an open application programming interface (Open API). To create a 2D POIs obtained from an indoor 3D object that was provided as a relative coordinate with only 3D geometric features, several steps were needed: adding the object to the system, storing the object as an absolute coordinate, and linking the object with an outdoor mapping service. In addition, to provide more useful information about indoor POIs generated from 3D models for users, detailed information should be further managed by directly using the Open APIs designed in this study. Subsequently, a mobile web mapping service system to visualize indoor contents was deployed to deliver practical processing and improvements based on the deployed Open API. The possibility of effective management and application of POIs related to indoor contents was confirmed through the mobile web-mapping demo service that was established using Open API.

Integrating Image and Network-Based Topological Data through Spatial Data Fusion for Indoor Location-Based Services

“…The interactions between an area and a point described in Figure 4, extended in 3D for a point and region, are representing topological relationships for those entities in 3D space quantitatively as a matrix, referred to as the SEP matrix, as shown in Equation (1). This matrix may take up values of either 1 (satisfied) or 0 (not satisfied) for each element, depending on the conditions.…”

“…This matrix simplifies the calculation for the topological relationships for two The SEP results from calculating the distance between nodes and a user-selected position in the image. These coordinates are calculated along three orthogonal planes in 3D space, to establish values in the matrix given by Equation (1). In this process, there is a smaller threshold value if the node represents an indoor POI compared to when it is representing a space.…”

“…Most services involving spatial data are available for outdoors, compared to the indoors [1], despite being more crucial in urban areas, where people generally spend more time in a structure [2] or where navigation in cases of evacuation is experiencing more delay [3]. As this concern gains attention, various approaches in representation have been attempted across applications, particularly as this depends on the field and intent of service [4].…”

Developing a Data Model of Indoor Points of Interest to Support Location-Based Services

“…Also, in an indoor setting, [25] proposed a location-aware POI recommender system based on user preferences mined from social networking data. Indoor POIs have also been used to build an indoor facility information and visualization system [26], annotators to denote user visits in urban areas [27], generating large scale maps [28] and in labeling objects and spaces in AR platforms [29] and navigation systems [30][31][32]. These applications, however, focused on utilizing Indoor POI as a marker for objects in indoor space, rather than differentiating its identity from POIs in the outdoors.…”

A Multi-Scale Representation of Point-of-Interest (POI) Features in Indoor Map Visualization

“…As the number of large buildings increases, indoor activities are becoming more frequent. Most people spend 80% to 90% of their time in an indoor environment [1], and many facilities and services that used to be provided in an outdoor environment have moved inside of buildings [2]. In this context, traditional map services that present facility locations by placing point-of-interest (POI) symbols on outdoor maps cannot meet the needs of map users in urban areas.…”