Haplogroup of the Y Chromosome of Napoléon the First

New Advances Reconstructing the Y Chromosome Haplotype of Napoleon the First Based on Three of his Living Descendants

“…In a first study (Lucotte et al, 2011) we determined the Y-chromosome non-recombinant part (NRY) haplogroup of Napoléon, based on genomic DNA extracted from two islands of follicular sheats associated with his beard hairs conserved in the Vivant-Denon reliquary (Lucotte, 2010). This haplogroup, established by the study of 10 NRY-SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms), is E1b1b1c1*; an "oriental" haplogroup of origin, as shown by the frequency map of M34 in contemporary European populations (Lucotte and Diéterlen, 2014), the antepenultimate SNP of the E1b1b1c1* differentiation.…”

“…In this same first study (Lucotte et al, 2011) we studied the buccal smear DNA of Charles Napoléon (C.N. ), the living fourth generation of male descent from Jérôme, for the first 37 NRY-STRs (short tandem repeats) of the Family Tree DNA (FT DNA) kit; that permits us to establish a first Y-STR profile of C.N.…”

“…In a second study (Lucotte et al, 2013) we established a more complete (because based on the FTDNA-111STRs kit) Y-STR profile of C.N., and the 111-Y-STRs profile of Alexandre Colonna Walewski (A.C.W. ), the fifth generation descendant of Alexandre Walewski (1810-1868) who was the son born of the union between Napoléon I and Countess Maria Walewska (1786Walewska ( -1817.…”

“…We then proposed (Lucotte et al, 2013) a first reconstruction of the Y-chromosome haplotype of Napoléon, based on the expected STR allelic values obtained from the 124 identical STRs between C.N. and A.C.W.…”

Y chromosome of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty

“…The House of Bourbon was determined to be member of Haplogroup R1b [9] from three Y chromosomes of present day, which overturned a former result of Haplogroup G, deduced from a handkerchief soaked with Louis XVI's blood. Y chromosome of Napoléon Bonaparte was proved to be member of Haplogroup E1b1b1c1-M34 by testing his beard hair's basis and sample from one of his present-day relatives [10] . In addition, the Y chromosome types of Lithuanian royal family and some ancient Egyptian dynasties have also been tested.…”