Haploidy in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.): a critical review

Abstract

Results on the induction of haploidy in tomato via both gynogenesis and microspore embryogenesis in vitro are far from satisfactory. The number of reports available on the gynogenic induction via in vitro non-fertilized ovary culture, wide hybridization and the use of irradiated pollen are limited. The main reason for this may be the difficulty experienced in working with this species. Therefore, many failed attempts have not been reported. Non-fertilized ovary culture and wide hybridization using Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. as the male parent seem to be promising (Bal and Abak, Pak J Biol Sci 6: 745-749, 2003a, b). Further efforts in this line may improve results obtained earlier. available on anther culture of tomato but a working protocol is yet to be developed. For the induction of anther callus, anthers carrying microspores at the meiotic stages appear to be the most responsive. However, the callus and the regenerants obtained were mainly of somatic origin. Somatic tissues of tomato anthers carrying the meiotic stages are highly responsive to tissue culture manipulations in comparison to anther tissues of the later stages. Therefore, reports on the induction of callus from anthers carrying early microspore stages should be met with caution. If culturing young anthers is of any help then it may be that the anther tissues are nursing the microspores and bringing them to the responsive uninucleate stage. Following the first report by Sharp et al. (Planta 104:357-361, 1972) on the induction of microspore embryogenesis, using a modified version of the microspore culture, reports concentrated only on anther culture (reviewed by Chlyah et al., Haploids in crop improvement I. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 12. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990). Based on findings reported by Yinnan et al. (J Agric Biotechnol, http://www.cau.edu.cn/ agrocbi/periodical/ nyswjsxb/ nysw99/ nysw9901/ 990115.htm, 1999) and Bal and Abak (Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 19:35-42, 2005) on the induction of symmetrical division of microspore nuclei from uninucleate microspores, the formation of multicellular structures and globular embryos, it is likely that the future of tomato haploidy lies in the technique of isolated microspore culture.

Androgenesis in recalcitrant solanaceous crops

“…Over the past 40 years, many inductive and culture conditions have been assessed (reviewed in Bal and Abak 2007). However, throughout these years only two laboratories have published the complete regeneration of anther-derived tomato plants ( Figure 1) with a demonstrated haploid or DH origin Seguí-Simarro andNuez 2005, 2007).…”

“…Indeed, filament tissues typically exhibit a high proliferative response when cultured in vitro (Seguí-Simarro and Nuez 2006), and it is believed that tomato anther tissues at meiotic stages are more sensitive to tissue culture than those of older stages (Bal and Abak 2007). We have recently demonstrated that up to 83% of the total of calli produced are originated from the stubs that emerge from the interlocular septa separating the two pollen sacs of a theca (Corral-Martínez et al, manuscript under review).…”

Genetic, quantitative and microscopic evidence for fusion of haploid nuclei and growth of somatic calli in cultured ms10 35 tomato anthers

“…Since 1971 (Gresshoff and Doy 1972;Sharp and Dougall 1971), nearly all attempts to induce androgenesis in tomato have focused on the in vitro anther culture. A significant number of culture media types, conditions, combinations of nutrients, vitamins, growth factors and supplements have been assessed (reviewed in Bal and Abak 2007). Different laboratories have reported induction of calli (Dao and Shamina 1978;Summers 1990, 1991;Sharp et al 1972) or embryo-like multicellular structures (Dao and Shamina 1978;Varghese and Gulshan 1986), and regeneration of roots (Gresshoff and Doy 1972;Gulshan and Sharma 1981;Levenko et al 1977;Sharp and Dougall 1971) or apical shoots (Ma et al 1999).…”

A Review on Biological Control of Some Important Plant Diseases Using Fungal Antagonist, Talaromyces Flavus

“…Tomato production has been reported in 144 countries (Bal and Abak, 2007). Iran is ranked seventh in the world as a tomato producer.…”