Hardcore smokers: What do we know?

Darville, Audrey; Hahn, Ellen J.

doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.020

Cited by 47 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Hardcore smokers were more prevalent in the middle-aged groups (30–59 years). This finding is different from those of many western studies where hardcore smokers are more prevalent among the older age groups [23, 25] but is consistent with the study conducted in Italy [26]. This might be because of the delayed transition of the smoking epidemic in South Korea and Italy [13].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

Characteristics of hardcore smokers in South Korea from 2007 to 2013

2017

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BackgroundAs the prevalence of smoking decreased in western countries, a significant proportion of smokers appeared to be particularly resistant to quitting- “hardcore” smokers. This study examines the characteristics of hardcore smokers in South Korea.MethodsWe used the data from 2007 to 2013 from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hardcore smoking was defined as (1) smoking >15 cigarettes per day, (2) having no plans of quitting, and (3) having made no attempts to quit. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association between various sociodemographic variables and hardcore smoking.ResultsThe proportion of hardcore smokers among smokers did not change significantly from 23.1% in 2007 to 23.0% in 2013. None of the three characteristics of hardcore smokers for either gender showed a significant change from 2007 to 2013. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that hardcore smokers were 1.64 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28–2.11) greater among those aging 40–49 years than among those aging 19–29 years, and four times greater among men than women. Never-married smokers were less likely to be hardcore smokers than married ones (odds ratio 0.79; 95% CI, 0.66–0.96). Household income and education level did not have any significant association with the likelihood of a hardcore smoker.ConclusionsHardcore smoking was more prevalent among men, unmarried men and those aging 40–49 years.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

Characteristics of hardcore smokers in South Korea from 2007 to 2013

2017

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“…As the frequency of smoking cessation showed no great difference between HCS and other smokers, prevention campaigns should aim at promoting the cessation and access to care [14]. Moreover, among hard core smokers, distinct profiles based on perceived pros and cons of smoking exist [38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prevalence rates of hard core smoking are influenced by the criteria used to define the phenomenon and are affected by the lack of standard definition [13]. HCS smoke more than other smokers and therefore show more frequently comorbidities associated with smoking [14]. It therefore seems important to better understand the behaviour and profile of HCS to optimize the therapeutic strategy and the follow-up [9, 15]: HCS quickly begin to smoke regularly, have a greater level of consumption, and persist with their habit even though it makes them ill [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking cessation attempts: is it useful to treat hard core smokers?

Joly¹,

d’Athis²,

Gerbaud³

et al. 2016

Tob. Induced Dis.

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BackgroundHard core smokers have been studied in many countries but only a few trials have compared the effectiveness of smoking cessation with other smokers. The objective of this study was to compare the frequencies of success in smoking cessation between hard-core smokers and other smokers.MethodsData were collected in Clermont-Ferrand from the Emile Roux dispensary ‘Pneumology and Tobaccology Centre’ between 1999 and 2009. Assistance with smoking cessation was proposed to 1367 patients but only 1296 patients were included: 219 HCS and 1077 other smokers. Smoking cessation was considered a success when patients were abstinent 6 months after the beginning of cessation. The profiles of the two types of smokers were compared using Chi square test and Student’s t test. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the association between the smoking cessation result and the type of smokers.ResultsHCS more frequently consumed other psychoactive substances (41.1 % vs 25.7 % for other smokers; p < 0.001). Current depression was more frequent in HCS (46.6 % vs 34.8 % for other smokers; p = 0.001). Smoking cessation was less frequent in HCS (45.2 % vs 56.5 % for other smokers ; p = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, after controlling for other factors, the frequency of smoking cessation was not significantly associated with the type of smokers (p = 0.47). After limiting to initial factors (present before the beginning of smoking cessation), the frequency of smoking cessation was still not significantly associated with the type of smokers (p = 0.78).ConclusionSmoking cessation is possible for hard core smokers, who should be treated as other types of smokers taking into account other factors:the problem is how to encourage them to try to stop smoking.

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“…11,12 Nineteen years of data from the U.S. National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) are used to examine smoking prevalence levels and the associations between (1) the proportion of smokers who made at least one quit attempt in the past 12 months and (2) the number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) among the remaining smokers as dependent variables, and time (as smoking prevalence decreased) as the independent variable among people with different levels of psychological distress as measured by the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). 13,14 It is hypothesized that, as with the general population and people without psychological distress, smoking patterns are softening among people with mental distress, albeit from a higher baseline than among people without distress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Softening Among U.S. Smokers With Psychological Distress: More Quit Attempts and Lower Consumption as Smoking Drops

Kulik

Glantz

2017

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

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Introduction It has been argued that as smoking prevalence declines, the remaining smokers represent a “hard core” who are unwilling or unable to quit, a process known as hardening. However, as recently shown, the general smoking population is softening not hardening (i.e., as prevalence falls more quit attempts and lower consumption among continuing smokers). People with psychological distress smoke more, so they may represent hard core smokers. Methods Using cross-sectional time series analysis, in 2016–2017 changes in quit attempts and cigarette consumption were evaluated over 19 years among smokers with serious psychological distress (Kessler-6 score ≥13) based on the National Health Interview Survey (1997–2015), controlling for sociodemographic variables. Results People with psychological distress had higher prevalence and consumed more cigarettes/day than people without distress. The percentage of those with at least one quit attempt was higher among those with psychological distress. The increase in quit attempts over time was similar among smokers in each of the distress levels. For every 10 years the OR of a quit attempt increased by a factor of 1.13 (95% CI=1.02, 1.24, p<0.05). Consumption declined by 3.35 (95% CI= −3.94, −2.75, p<0.01) cigarette/day for those with serious psychological distress. Conclusions Although smoking more heavily than the general population, smokers with psychological distress, like the general population, are softening over time. To improve health outcomes and increase health equity, tobacco control policies should continue moving all subgroups of smokers down these softening curves, while simultaneously incorporating appropriately tailored quitting help into mental health settings.

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Hardcore smokers: What do we know?

Cited by 47 publications

References 88 publications

Characteristics of hardcore smokers in South Korea from 2007 to 2013

Characteristics of hardcore smokers in South Korea from 2007 to 2013

Smoking cessation attempts: is it useful to treat hard core smokers?

Softening Among U.S. Smokers With Psychological Distress: More Quit Attempts and Lower Consumption as Smoking Drops

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