Hardware Trojan Detection Using Machine Learning: A Tutorial

Abstract

With the growth and globalization of IC design and development, there is an increase in the number of Designers and Design houses. As setting up a fabrication facility may easily cost upwards of $20 billion, costs for advanced nodes may be even greater. IC design houses that cannot produce their chips in-house have no option but to use external foundries that are often in other countries. Establishing trust with these external foundries can be a challenge, and these foundries are assumed to be untrusted. The use of these untrusted foundries in the global semiconductor supply chain has raised concerns about the security of the fabricated ICs targeted for sensitive applications. One of these security threats is the adversarial infestation of fabricated ICs with a Hardware Trojan (HT). An HT can be broadly described as a malicious modification to a circuit to control, modify, disable, or monitor its logic. Conventional VLSI manufacturing tests and verification methods fail to detect HT due to the different and un-modeled nature of these malicious modifications. Current state-of-the-art HT detection methods utilize statistical analysis of various side-channel information collected from ICs, such as power analysis, power supply transient analysis, regional supply current analysis, temperature analysis, wireless transmission power analysis, and delay analysis. To detect HTs, most methods require a Trojan-free reference golden IC. A signature from these golden ICs is extracted and used to detect ICs with HTs. However, access to a golden IC is not always feasible. Thus, a mechanism for HT detection is sought that does not require the golden IC. Machine Learning (ML) approaches have emerged to be extremely useful in helping eliminate the need for a golden IC. Recent works on utilizing ML for HT detection have been shown to be promising in achieving this goal. Thus, in this tutorial, we will explain utilizing ML as a solution to the challenge of HT detection. Additionally, we will describe the Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tool flow for automating ML-assisted HT detection. Moreover, to further discuss the benefits of ML-assisted HT detection solutions, we will demonstrate a Neural Network (NN)-assisted timing profiling method for HT detection. Finally, we will discuss the shortcomings and open challenges of ML-assisted HT detection methods.

Hardware Trojan Insertion Using Reinforcement Learning

“…Machine learning (ML) approaches have also been used extensively towards HT detection [1], [5], [18], [19] when golden models are not available. Hasegawa et al [5] proposed a random forest classifier trained on 51 circuit features extracted from Trusthub benchmarks to detect HTs.…”

GreyConE: Greybox Fuzzing + Concolic Execution Guided Test Generation for High Level Designs

“…Despite the substantial advancements in machine learning (ML)-based trojan detection techniques aiming to reduce reliance on a golden model, we opt for utilizing a reference model for trojan detection. ML-based methods are still in their early stages [25,32] and encounter difficulties in automating and ensuring accuracy, which poses risks of misclassifying trojans and allowing them to evade detection. Nonetheless, our approach remains adaptable to situations where a golden model is unavailable, relying on test generation driven by coverage of infrequent triggers to systematically uncover potential hidden malicious circuitry within the design.…”