Harnessing synthetic chemistry to probe and hijack auxin signaling

Torii, Keiko U.; Hagihara, Shinya; Uchida, Naoyuki; Takahashi, Koji

doi:10.1111/nph.15337

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Compared to IAA, 5-adamantyl-IAA bears an extra bulky adamantane group ( Figure 3A ), and thus is unlikely to cause the same physiological effects as auxins cause. Furthermore, 5-adamantyl-IAA can induce an interaction between the F79A mutant form of AtTIR1, which has an enlarged auxin-binding pocket, and Aux/IAA proteins at an extremely low concentration of 10 pM ( Torii et al 2018 ; Uchida et al 2018 ; Yamada et al 2018 ), suggesting the possibility of using 5-adamantyl-IAA as an AID inducer at much lower concentrations than auxins. In OsTIR1, the F74A mutation is equivalent to the F79A mutation in AtTIR1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An improved auxin-inducible degron system for fission yeast

Zhang

Zhao

Suo

et al. 2021

G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics

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Conditional degron technologies, which allow a protein of interest to be degraded in an inducible manner, are important tools for biological research, and are especially useful for creating conditional loss-of-function mutants of essential genes. The auxin-inducible degron (AID) technology, which utilizes plant auxin signaling components to control protein degradation in nonplant species, is a widely used small-molecular-controlled degradation method in yeasts and animals. However, the currently available AID systems still have room for further optimization. Here, we have improved the AID system for the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe by optimizing all three components: the AID degron, the small-molecule inducer, and the inducer-responsive F-box protein. We chose a 36-amino-acid sequence of the Arabidopsis IAA17 protein as the degron and employed three tandem copies of it to enhance efficiency. To minimize undesirable side effects of the inducer, we adopted a bulky analog of auxin, 5-adamantyl-IAA, and paired it with the F-box protein OsTIR1 that harbors a mutation (F74A) at the auxin-binding pocket. 5-adamantyl-IAA, when utilized with OsTIR1-F74A, is effective at concentrations thousands of times lower than auxin used in combination with wild-type OsTIR1. We tested our improved AID system on 10 essential genes and achieved inducible lethality for all of them, including ones that could not be effectively inactivated using a previously published AID system. Our improved AID system should facilitate the construction of conditional loss-of-function mutants in fission yeast.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An improved auxin-inducible degron system for fission yeast

Zhang

Zhao

Suo

et al. 2021

G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics

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“…The Arabidopsis seedling root growth inhibition assay combined with the use of the pDR5:GUS and R2D5 auxin response reporters provided consistent results with respect to classifying the 40 2,4-D orthologs as very active, active or weakly active auxins, or having no auxin activity. Importantly, this classification was in agreement with previously published results on the 2,4-D analogues PAA, 2,4 Br, 2,4,5-T, 3-Me, 2,4-DP and MCPB (Simon et al ., 2013; Torii et al ., 2018). This difference in auxin activity is clearly determined by structure and chemical properties of these compounds, which relates on the one hand to their binding affinity to the TIR1/AFB (Calderón Villalobos et al ., 2012) and AUX/IAA (Torii et al ., 2018) co-receptor pair, and on the other hand to their transport or conjugation properties or metabolic decay in plant cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure-activity relationship of 2,4-D correlates auxin activity with the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

Karami

Jong

Somovilla

et al. 2022

Preprint

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2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a synthetic analogue of the plant hormone auxin that is commonly used in many in vitro plant regeneration systems such as somatic embryogenesis (SE) and organogenesis. The effectiveness of 2,4-D in inducing SE, compared to the natural auxin indole-3- acetic acid (IAA), has been attributed to the stress triggered by this compound rather than its auxin activity. However, this hypothesis has never been thoroughly tested. Here we used a library of 40 2,4- D analogues to test the structure-activity relationship with respect to the capacity to induce SE and auxin activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Four analogues induced SE as effectively as 2,4-D and 13 analogues induced SE but were less effective. Based on root growth inhibition and auxin response reporter expression, the 2,4-D analogues were classified into different groups, ranging from very active auxins to not active. A halogen at the 4-position of the aromatic ring is important for auxin activity, whereas a halogen at the 3-position is accepted, but results in reduced activity. Moreover, a small substitution at the carboxylate chain, a methyl or ethyl group, is tolerated, as is extending the carboxylate chain with two but not with one carbon. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the auxin activity of the 2,4-D analogues correlated well with their TIR1-Aux/IAA coreceptor binding characteristics. In the process, we identified two 2,4-D analogues as efficient inducers of adventitious root formation and several possible anti-auxins. Moreover, we observed a strong correlation between SE induction efficiency and auxin activity, indicating that the stress-related effects that have been reported to be triggered by 2,4-D and are considered important for SE induction are down-stream of auxin signaling.

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“…Functional studies will further profit from newly developed biochemical inhibitors that, in addition to the currently available auxin transport inhibitors, now enable various aspects of auxin biosynthesis and signaling to be inhibited (Hasegawa et al, 2018;Ma et al, 2018). In addition, recent developments of the orthogonal convexconcave auxin-TIR1 pair (Torii et al, 2018) and synthetic auxin yeast systems (Havens et al, 2012;Pierre-Jerome et al, 2013, 2014 will allow for further investigation of conservation and diversification of auxin signaling, bypassing issues of redundancy. Altogether, these biotechnological advances should greatly facilitate future auxin research in maize, rice, and other crop species.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auxin EvoDevo: Conservation and Diversification of Genes Regulating Auxin Biosynthesis, Transport, and Signaling

et al. 2019

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The phytohormone auxin has been shown to be of pivotal importance in growth and development of land plants. The underlying molecular players involved in auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling are quite well understood in Arabidopsis. However, functional characterizations of auxin-related genes in economically important crops, specifically maize and rice, are still limited. In this article, we comprehensively review recent functional studies on auxin-related genes in both maize and rice, compared with what is known in Arabidopsis, and highlight conservation and diversification of their functions. Our analysis is illustrated by phylogenetic analysis and publicly available gene expression data for each gene family, which will aid in the identification of auxin-related genes for future research. Current challenges and future directions for auxin research in maize and rice are discussed. Developments in gene editing techniques provide powerful tools for overcoming the issue of redundancy in these gene families and will undoubtedly advance auxin research in crops.

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Harnessing synthetic chemistry to probe and hijack auxin signaling

Cited by 13 publications

References 48 publications

An improved auxin-inducible degron system for fission yeast

An improved auxin-inducible degron system for fission yeast

Structure-activity relationship of 2,4-D correlates auxin activity with the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

Auxin EvoDevo: Conservation and Diversification of Genes Regulating Auxin Biosynthesis, Transport, and Signaling

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