Harvest-induced phenotypic selection in an island population of moose,<i>Alces alces</i>

Kvalnes, Thomas; Sæther, Bernt‐Erik; Haanes, Hallvard; Røed, Knut; Engen, Steinar; Solberg, Erling Johan

doi:10.1111/evo.12952

Cited by 26 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 138 publications

(447 reference statements)

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“…Terrestrial systems provide no evidence that harvestinduced evolution aids recovery. For example, intense hunting pressure (45% a year) selected for earlier primiparity in wild boar (Sus scrofa) [50] [51]. In red deer, despite theoretical predictions to the contrary [17], age of primiparity was not affected by four decades of moderate (12 -14%) harvest in Norway [52].…”

Section: Is Harvest-induced Evolution Beneficial?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Harvest-induced evolution: insights from aquatic and terrestrial systems

Kuparinen

Festa‐Bianchet

2017

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

104

113

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One contribution of 18 to a theme issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'. Commercial and recreational harvests create selection pressures for fitnessrelated phenotypic traits that are partly under genetic control. Consequently, harvesting can drive evolution in targeted traits. However, the quantification of harvest-induced evolutionary life history and phenotypic changes is challenging, because both density-dependent feedback and environmental changes may also affect these changes through phenotypic plasticity. Here, we synthesize current knowledge and uncertainties on six key points: (i) whether or not harvest-induced evolution is happening, (ii) whether or not it is beneficial, (iii) how it shapes biological systems, (iv) how it could be avoided, (v) its importance relative to other drivers of phenotypic changes, and (vi) whether or not it should be explicitly accounted for in management. We do this by reviewing findings from aquatic systems exposed to fishing and terrestrial systems targeted by hunting. Evidence from aquatic systems emphasizes evolutionary effects on age and size at maturity, while in terrestrial systems changes are seen in weapon size and date of parturition. We suggest that while harvest-induced evolution is likely to occur and negatively affect populations, the rate of evolutionary changes and their ecological implications can be managed efficiently by simply reducing harvest intensity.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.

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Section: Is Harvest-induced Evolution Beneficial?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Harvest-induced evolution: insights from aquatic and terrestrial systems

Kuparinen

Festa‐Bianchet

2017

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

104

113

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“…In this study, we used 28 years of detailed life history data and genetic parentage assignment (Haanes et al 2013, Kvalnes et al 2016) from a harvested, insular population of moose Alces alces to investigate the causes and consequences of AFR in males. In almost all individuals, life histories have been monitored since birth (Saether et al 2003, Solberg et al 2007, and during the study period the population has undergone large fluctuations in age and sex structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of age at first reproduction and lifetime breeding success revealed by full paternity assignment in a male ungulate

Markussen

Herfindal

Loison

et al. 2018

Oikos

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Age at first reproduction is an important determinant of individual variation in reproductive success in ungulates, but few studies have examined its relationship with later fitness‐related traits in males. We used a long‐term individual based study of a harvested moose population to quantify the individual reproductive performance and survival of males, as well as to examine the determinants of age at first reproduction and consequences of age at first reproduction on lifetime breeding success. The probability that a male successfully reproduced at the age of two was negatively related to the mean age of adult males in the population, but the relationship weakened with increasing population size. Large antlers and large body mass relative to other males in the population increased the number of calves sired at their first successful mating season. In addition, those that successfully reproduced as two year‐olds were more likely to sire calves the next year, making them more productive at a given age compared to those that first reproduced at the age of three or older. We emphasize the importance for males to start reproducing as soon as possible in a harvested population to gain lifetime fitness benefits, as surviving the hunt is a major determinant of reproductive success in this population. We found no costs of early reproduction in males, hence leading to high individual heterogeneity in male reproductive performance. The apparent lack of reproductive costs could partly be explained by the age distribution in the population, individual variation in early‐life body mass and antler size, and differences in probabilities of being hunted of successful and unsuccessful males.

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“…For example, recent studies have shown that size-selective harvest by commercial fisheries and trophy hunting can induce evolution of heritable traits56789. Harvest-induced evolution might not be desirable as the selection induced by human exploitation can be in the opposite direction of natural selection101112.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hunting promotes spatial reorganization and sexually selected infanticide

Leclerc

Frank

Zedrosser

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Harvest can affect the ecology and evolution of wild species. The removal of key individuals, such as matriarchs or dominant males, can disrupt social structure and exacerbate the impact of hunting on population growth. We do not know, however, how and when the spatiotemporal reorganization takes place after removal and if such changes can be the mechanism that explain a decrease in population growth. Detailed behavioral information from individually monitored brown bears, in a population where hunting increases sexually selected infanticide, revealed that adult males increased their use of home ranges of hunter-killed neighbors in the second year after their death. Use of a hunter-killed male’s home range was influenced by the survivor’s as well as the hunter-killed male’s age, population density, and hunting intensity. Our results emphasize that hunting can have long-term indirect effects which can affect population viability.

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Harvest-induced phenotypic selection in an island population of moose,Alces alces

Cited by 26 publications

References 138 publications

Harvest-induced evolution: insights from aquatic and terrestrial systems

Harvest-induced evolution: insights from aquatic and terrestrial systems

Determinants of age at first reproduction and lifetime breeding success revealed by full paternity assignment in a male ungulate

Hunting promotes spatial reorganization and sexually selected infanticide

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