Hate crimes against LGBT people: National Crime Victimization Survey, 2017-2019

Flores, Andrew R.; Stotzer, Rebecca L.; Meyer, Ilan H.; Langton, Lynn

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279363

Cited by 50 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This study is among the first to use population-based data to examine criminal victimization—including simple violent victimizations, serious violent victimizations, and serious violent victimizations that involve injuries—among sexual and gender minorities at the intersection of race/ethnicity and sex. This study replicates prior research showing that SGMs have higher victimization rates than non-SGMs and extends prior work [ 4 – 6 ] by demonstrating that these SGM disparities vary across non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic and non-Hispanic White groups [see also 8 , 28 ]. We find that in White and Hispanic populations, significant disparities exist between SGMs and non-SGMs in victimization rates across all types of violent crime; in the Black population there are significant disparities between SGMs and non-SGMs in serious violent victimizations but not in simple assaults and violent victimizations that involve injuries.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Violent victimization at the intersections of sexual orientation, gender identity, and race: National Crime Victimization Survey, 2017–2019

et al. 2023

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Introduction Prior research has found that experiences with violence in the U.S. differ across individual demographic characteristics, including race, gender, and sexual orientation. However, peer reviewed studies have yet to examine the relationship between the intersections of race, gender, and sexual orientation, victimization risk, and characteristics of victimization. Methods We use data from three years (2017–2019) of the National Crime Victimization Survey, the primary source of information on criminal victimization in the United States, to examine victimization at the intersection of sexual orientation, gender, and race/ethnicity. We test whether non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White sexual and gender minority (SGM) persons aged 16 or over are victimized at greater rates than their non-SGM counterparts and assess whether there are differences between sexual minority females and males of each racial group. We further document characteristics of victimization such as reporting to the police by SGM status and race or ethnicity. Results We find that SGMs are disproportionately more likely to be victims of violent crime than non-SGM people, and these disparities are present across the assessed racial and ethnic groups (non-Hispanic Black odds ratio [OR] = 3.3, 90% CI [CI] = 1.36, 5.16; Hispanic OR = 4.5, CI = 2.25, 6.71; non-Hispanic White OR = 4.8, CI = 2.25, 6.71). However, sexual orientation disparities are statistically distinguishable for lesbian or bisexual (LB) non-Hispanic White and Hispanic females but not for non-Hispanic Black LB females. Among LB females, the overall differences in victimization were primarily driven by bisexual respondents. We further find racial and ethnic differences among SGM victims in the likelihood of having the victimization reported to the police, in the utilization of community (non-police) resources, and in other aspects of victimization experiences, such as whether arrests occurred or in the suspicion that the violent incident was a hate crime. Conclusions Our findings raise indicate a complex picture of how sexual orientation, gender identity, sex, and race and ethnicity interact in victimizations and their characteristics that should be further explored.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Violent victimization at the intersections of sexual orientation, gender identity, and race: National Crime Victimization Survey, 2017–2019

et al. 2023

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Participants within this study were clear that they experience erasure much more frequently than direct violence. This is not to say violence against LGBTQ+ people is not a real concern (Flores et al., 2022); since Matthew Shepard's murder in 1998, there has been no appreciable long‐term change in hate crimes based on sexual orientation or identity in rural states (Morrow, 2019). While many states have adopted hate crime legislation that considers sexual orientation within its scope, many fail to explicitly consider gender identity (i.e., include the concept of “sex” only), leaving crimes against those of non‐conforming or expansive gender identities in murky territory (Morrow, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Legacy of Matthew Shepard: Queer Erasure and the Lives of Rural LGBTQ+ Young Adults

Tabler,

Pinkham,

Schmitz

et al. 2023

Sociology Lens

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Applying a queer historical framework, this study examines the legacy of Matthew Shepard while centering the perspectives of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, Two–Spirit, and other people of expansive genders or sexualities (LGBTQ+). In particular, this study highlights the varied responses of LGBTQ+ people during and after his murder, and how queer young adults living and working in Wyoming today have been shaped by Shepard's legacy. Drawing on evidence from archival and interview data (n = 23 interviews), we argue that the social process of collective memory endemic to Matthew Shepard has largely been one of erasure—not erasure of the incident itself, but erasure of historical and contemporary queer activism, community, and resistance in the region. For many young people, Matthew Shepard's legacy is that of a cautionary tale. His name is invoked by allies and anti‐LGBTQ+ people alike to deter LGBTQ+ visibility, thereby constructing and reifying a heteronormative imagining of rural America. This study illustrates the value and importance of expanding queer history to represent rural queer voices in diverse, nuanced, and accurate ways. We also make a call for Sociologists to examine how they, too, may be perpetuating rural queer erasure within their scholarship.

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“…There is growing evidence of the harm caused by hate speech against LGBTQIA + populations with many research participants (both victims and vicarious victims) expressing increases in stress, anxiety, fear and hyper-vigilance, changes in sleep and appetite, increases in blood pressure and fatigue and overall profound psychological effects, including post-traumatic stress disorder (Feddes and Jonas, 2020; Flores et al. , 2022; Jackson, 2017; Veldhuis et al.…”

Section: The Manifestation Of Hate Speech and Hate Crimementioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is growing evidence of the harm caused by hate speech against LGBTQIA þ populations with many research participants (both victims and vicarious victims) expressing increases in stress, anxiety, fear and hyper-vigilance, changes in sleep and appetite, increases in blood pressure and fatigue and overall profound psychological effects, including post-traumatic stress disorder (Feddes and Jonas, 2020;Flores et al, 2022;Jackson, 2017;Veldhuis et al, 2018). Relevant to this article is how hate crime [2] and hate messaging transcends beyond the initial victim of the abuse (Perry and Alvi, 2011) in what Weinstein (1992) called the in terrorem effect (Weinstein, 1992), whereby the related population, such as LGBTQIA þ communities also become fearful and intimidated (Veldhuis et al, 2018).…”

Section: The Manifestation Of Hate Speech and Hate Crimementioning

confidence: 99%

The blame game: disaster, queerness and prejudice

Rushton

Scarlett

2023

DPM

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PurposeThe purpose of this article is to draw attention to how harmful and inaccurate discourses pertaining to disaster responsibility is produced, the negative implications such narratives pose and the role of the media in the ways in which discourses about queerness and disaster are reported.Design/methodology/approachThroughout this paper, the authors detail examples of media reporting on discourses relating to people with diverse sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics (SOGIESC) being blamed and held responsible for disasters across the world. The authors examine the value of such reporting as well as describing the harm blame narratives have on queer people and communities.FindingsThere is little value in reporting on accounts of people publicly declaring that people with diverse SOGIESC are to blame for disaster. More sensitivity is needed around publishing on blame discourses pertaining to already marginalised communities.Originality/valueThis article contributes to the developing scholarship on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, agender, asexual and aromantic individuals, plus other gender identities and sexual orientations (LGBTQIA+/SOGIESC) and disasters by detailing the harm of blame discourses as well as drawing attention to how the media have a role to play in averting from unintentionally providing a platform for hate speech and ultimately enhancing prejudice against people with diverse SOGIESC.

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Hate crimes against LGBT people: National Crime Victimization Survey, 2017-2019

Cited by 50 publications

References 33 publications

Violent victimization at the intersections of sexual orientation, gender identity, and race: National Crime Victimization Survey, 2017–2019

Violent victimization at the intersections of sexual orientation, gender identity, and race: National Crime Victimization Survey, 2017–2019

The Legacy of Matthew Shepard: Queer Erasure and the Lives of Rural LGBTQ+ Young Adults

The blame game: disaster, queerness and prejudice

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