“…Parker, de los Santos and Anderson (2015) describe how students' challenges with tracing matter and energy through carbon-transforming processes may impede student understanding of biofuels since these difficult concepts are at the center of analyses of the performance of biofuels. Other science education literature has described techniques for using biofuel technology in a laboratory setting (Blatti & Burkart, 2012;El Seoud, Loffredo, Galgano, Sato, & Reichardt, 2011;Wagner, Koehle, Moyle, & Lambert, 2010). Themes emerging from students' positions on biofuels may reveal gaps in understanding about scientific, social, and economic dimensions of the issue.…”