Hazards of Pharmaceuticals in Water as New Area in Eco-Pharmacovigilance Research

Abstract

Pharmaceuticals in water can have potential toxic effects on environment and human. It is becoming an emerging research area. Pharmaceuticals have received a growing attention from environmental and health agencies all over the world due to recent studies showing the occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in environment, especially in water bodies and have become one of the emerging water pollutants. The aim of this review article is to study the hazards of pharmaceuticals in water reported in the literature in order to promote the safe use of medicines among the general public. The aim of this article is to increase the environmental knowledge of pharmaceuticals and to draw attention of pharmacovigilance researcher for more awareness of some of the emerged problems caused by medicines.Detailed systematic review of the existing literature was carried out investigating the issue understudy. The review process included Pubmed database, Google Scholar, and other online resources available in the university library. The data obtained from the literature review were categorised before being analyzed by the researchers. Minor amount of medications in the water like in nanograms to low micrograms are already reported in per litre range including surface waters, wastewater, and groundwater and, to a lesser extent, drinking-water. Advances in analytical technology have been a key factor in the detection of the occurrence of these pharmaceuticals. Their presence in water, even at a very low concentration, has raised concerns among stakeholders, such as drinking water regulators, governments, water suppliers and the public regarding the potential risks to human health. The awareness about Ecopharmacovigilance as new science concern with the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or other problems related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment, which affect human and other animal species and the environmental knowledge of pharmaceuticals must be increase. Ecopharmacovigilance issues must be urgently addressed

Synthesis of poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐divinylbenzene‐co‐vinylbenzyl chloride)‐derived hypercrosslinked polymer microspheres and a preliminary evaluation of their potential for the solid‐phase capture of pharmaceuticals

“…Pharmaceuticals in the sewage system can be degraded or removed, however some residues remain and are present in very low concentrations in surface waters, WWTPs, in hospitals influent and effluent, and drinking water . Diclofenac, a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, is one of the most extensively studied pharmaceuticals due to its potentially toxic effects and low biodegradability in WWTPs . Al‐Odaini et al .…”

Comparison of the Knowledge and Perception of Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacy, Dental and Medical Students in Aden-Yemen

“…[12] Pharmacovigilance (PV) is defined by the WHO as the science and activities that relate to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects of drugs or any other possible drug-related problems. [14] Thalidomide was named the greatest tragedy in 1961 and led to the establishment of the current drug regulatory mechanisms. Pharmacovigilance is defined as an arm of patient care that aims at taking advantage of the drugs and medicines to treat or prevent diseases without any unwanted effects.…”

“…All these are hazardous to patient safety, simultaneously putting people at the risk of fatality due to ADRs every single year. [14,15] Various studies were done to assess students' knowledge of pharmacovigilance and ADRs reporting, and their attitude towards them showed that there is a deficiency of knowledge concerning pharmacovigilance and ADR reporting. [16][17][18][19][20][21] Therefore the study objective is to assess and compare the knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reporting among final year Pharmacy, Dental and Medicine students in Aden University.…”

Salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction for the determination of ciprofloxacin residues in water samples by high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector

“…The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and environmental samples is highly dependent on local diseases, treatment habits and market profiles, thus, the pollution profile can vary significantly between different countries [12]. Pharmaceuticals in water can have potentially toxic effects on the environment and human [13]. However, pharmaceuticals are not included in the models for the assessment of water quality index [14, 15].…”