Hazards of volcanic lakes: analysis of Lakes Quilotoa and Cuicocha, Ecuador

Gunkel, Günter; Beulker, Camilla; Grupe, B; Viteri, F.

doi:10.5194/adgeo-14-29-2008

Cited by 21 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This fine sediment layer cause many problems in sediment sampling, and information was obtained by using an underwater camera, together with the sediment corer. This technology confirmed a thin sediment layer on the stony floor, and in the western basin, holes without any sediment cover were observed between the rocks (Gunkel et al, 2008). These pores were probably formed by gas bubbles rising up and by sediment resuspension due to the gas bubbles, suspended sediments which reach the epilimnic zone will be transferred by wind induced currents and deposited in the 148 m basin of the lake.…”

Section: Lake Sediments and Colmation Processesmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…The gas emissions and the inflow by warm water springs led to the formation of holes in the sediment, registered by the underwater camera (see Gunkel et al, 2008). Thus the lake colmation in the 78 m basin is destroyed, and this is promoted by the thin sediment layer due to calcium carbonate dissolution, the young age of the lake, and by the uprising of gas bubbles, which occur continuously with high intensity and lead to a re-suspension of the sediments.…”

Section: Lake Colmationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6) show an epilimnion, which stretches down to 35 m. In the 148 basin chemical composition of the epilimnic water and of the hypolimnic water does not differ very much, due to the weak thermal stratification ( T=1.7 • C) and to the partial mixing processes by night cooling, the so called atelomixis (Gunkel and Beulker, 2008). In the 78 m basin, the epilimnic water does not differ significantly from the 148 m basin, due to strong wind induced horizontal water currents.…”

Section: Water Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The focus of this study was the integrative evaluation of the Cuicocha crater lake to obtain a better understanding of the lake evolution, the CO 2 emissions and the possible hazards of caldera lakes (Gunkel et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survey and assessment of post volcanic activities of a young caldera lake, Lake Cuicocha, Ecuador

Gunkel

Beulker

Grupe³

et al. 2009

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Cuicocha is a young volcano adjacent to the inactive Pleistocene Cotacachi volcano complex, located in the western cordilleras of the Ecuadorian Andes. A series of eruptions with intensive ash emission and collapse of the caldera occurred around 4500-3000 y BP. A crater 3.2 km in diameter and a maximum depth of 450 m was formed. Further eruptions of the volcano occurred 1300 y BP and formed four smaller domes within the caldera. Over the last few hundred years, a caldera lake has developed, with a maximum depth of 148 m. The lake water is characterized by sodium carbonate with elevated concentrations of manganese, calcium and chloride. Nowadays, an emission of gases, mainly CO 2 , and an input of warm spring water occur in Lake Cuicocha. The zone of high activity is in the western basin of the lake at a depth of 78 m, and continuous gas emissions with sediment resuspension were observed using sonar. In the hypolimnion of the lake, CO 2 accumulation occurs up to 0.2% saturation, but the risk of a limnic eruption can be excluded at present. The lake possesses monomictic stratification behaviour, and during overturn an intensive gas exchange with the atmosphere occurs. Investigations concerning the sedimentation processes of the lake suggest only a thin sediment layer of up to 10-20 cm in the deeper lake basin; in the western bay, in the area of gas emissions, the lake bottom is partly depleted of sediment in the form of holes, and no lake colmation exists. Decreases in the lake water level of about 30 cm y −1 indicate a percolation of water into fractures and fissures of the volcano, triggered by a nearby earthquake in 1987.

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Section: Lake Sediments and Colmation Processesmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Lake Colmationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Water Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survey and assessment of post volcanic activities of a young caldera lake, Lake Cuicocha, Ecuador

Gunkel

Beulker

Grupe³

et al. 2009

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…Tianchi (Baitoushan) at the summit of Mount Paektu/Changnai on the North Korea/ China border is vulnerable to both renewal of volcanic activity and collapse of the steep walls of this very young (c. 1 ka) 5 km diameter lake (Wei et al 2003(Wei et al , 2004. Lakes Quilotoa and Cuicocha in Ecuador are also potentially hazardous (Gunkel et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Hydrogeology of Volcanic Lakes: Examples from the Central Italy Volcanic Lake District

Mazza

Taviani

Capelli

et al. 2015

Advances in Volcanology

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Volcanic regions typically host multiple lakes developed in explosion craters, volcano-tectonic collapse structures, and valley systems blocked as a result of eruptive activity, their boundaries and dimensions shifting in response to renewed activity and modification by background processes of erosion, sedimentation and tectonism. Such water bodies are a potent source of a wide range of complex and inter-related hydrologic hazards owing to their proximity to active volcanic vents, the consequent potential for violent mixing of magma with water, and the frequent fragility of their impoundments. These hazards arise as a result of water displacements within or from the lake basin and can be broadly sub-divided into 3 main types: (I) phenomena sourced within the lake basin as a direct or indirect consequence of subaqueous or subaerial volcanic activity; (II) floods from volcanic lakes triggered by volcanic activity, including induced breaching; and (III) floods from volcanic lakes with a non-volcanic cause. Type I hazards include subaqueous explosive volcanism and associated Surtseyan jets, base surges and tsunamis, which can impact lake shorelines and displace water over basin rims and through outlets. This results in Type II lahar and flooding hazards. Both types have been historically responsible for significant losses of life at many volcanoes worldwide. Other rapid phenomena such as pyroclastic flows, debris avalanches, and large lahars from intra-or extra-lake volcanoes are potentially tsunamigenic (Type I), and/or displacing, and can hence also lead to secondary (Type II) hazards, as can seismicity-producing volcano-tectonic movements. Slower processes including volcano-tectonic movements, subaqueous lava dome extrusion, cryptodome intrusion, and magmatic inflation can potentially produce Type II flooding through volumetric water displacement over the outlet. Erosion of the outlet can be catastrophic, magnifying the size of V. Manville

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Geochemical insight into differences in the physical structures and dynamics of two adjacent maar lakes at Mt. Vulture volcano (southern Italy)

Caracausi

Nicolosi

Nuccio

et al. 2013

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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[1] We report on the first geochemical investigation of the Monticchio maar lakes (Mt. Vulture volcano, southern Italy) covering an annual cycle that aimed at understanding the characteristic features of the physical structures and dynamics of the two lakes. We provide the first detailed description of the lakes based on high-resolution conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiles, chemical and isotopic (H and O) compositions of the water, and the amounts of dissolved gases (e.g., He, Ar, CH 4 , and CO 2 ). The combined data set reveals that the two lakes, which are separated by less than 200 m, exhibit different dynamics: one is a meromictic lake, where the waters are rich in biogenic and mantle-derived gases, while the other is a monomictic lake, which exhibits complete turnover of the water in winter and the release of dissolved gases. Our data strongly suggest that the differences in the dynamics of the two lakes are due to different density profiles affected by dissolved solutes, mainly Fe, which is strongly enriched in the deep water of the meromictic lake. A conceptual model of water balance was constructed based on the correlation between the chemical composition of the water and the hydrogen isotopic signature. Gas-rich groundwaters that feed both of the lakes and evaporation processes subsequently modify the water chemistry of the lakes. Our data highlight that no further potential hazardous accumulation of lethal gases is expected at the Monticchio lakes. Nevertheless, geochemical monitoring is needed to prevent the possibility of vigorous gas releases that have previously occurred in historical time.

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Hazards of volcanic lakes: analysis of Lakes Quilotoa and Cuicocha, Ecuador

Cited by 21 publications

References 11 publications

Survey and assessment of post volcanic activities of a young caldera lake, Lake Cuicocha, Ecuador

Survey and assessment of post volcanic activities of a young caldera lake, Lake Cuicocha, Ecuador

Quantitative Hydrogeology of Volcanic Lakes: Examples from the Central Italy Volcanic Lake District

Geochemical insight into differences in the physical structures and dynamics of two adjacent maar lakes at Mt. Vulture volcano (southern Italy)

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