Haze trends over the United States, 1980–1995

Schichtel, B. A.; Husar, Rudolf B.; Falke, Stefan; Wilson, William E.

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(01)00317-x

Cited by 190 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The particle sources include the direct emission of fine particles into the atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels and biomass and other anthropogenic processes, as well as the production of fine particles in the atmosphere from the oxidation and gas-to-particle conversion of gaseous pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds (Waller et al 1963;Malm 1992;Kerr 1995). Previous studies have noted the variations in haze (Schichtel et al 2001;Doyle and Dorling 2002) and the important effects of haze on the climate system (Charlson et al 1992;Tett et al 1999;Ramanathan et al 2005). The increasing urban haze in south and east Asia due to economic expansion has driven a vigorous scientific effort to investigate the importance of aerosol radiative forcing on the Asian monsoon (Chung et al 2002;Menon et al 2002;Singh et al 2005;Liu et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plausible influence of Atlantic Ocean SST anomalies on winter haze in China

Xiao

Fan

et al. 2014

Theor Appl Climatol

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The possible influence of Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) on winter haze days in China at interannual and decadal time scales is investigated using the observed haze-day data from 329 meteorological stations, National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Centers for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis, and a SST dataset for 1978-2012. Wintertime haze days in China show robust interannual variations and significant increases over time. The SST anomalies over the North Atlantic from summer to the following winter exhibit a significant in-phase relationship with winter haze days on both decadal and interannual time scales, whereas the anomalous negative-positive SSTs from north to south over the South Atlantic from autumn to the following winter show a significant positive relationship with winter haze days on the interannual time scale. The anomalous warm SST over the North Atlantic, i.e., the positive phase of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO), corresponds to the positive phase of the Arctic oscillation (AO). This result implies that a stable mean flow and strong westerly anomalies exist over north China. The anomalous dipole pattern in the South Atlantic results in the abnormal southerly airflow in the troposphere over eastern China. Neither the westerly anomalies over north China nor the southerly anomalies over eastern China, which are associated with the North Atlantic and South Atlantic SST anomalies, respectively, are conducive to occurrences of cold air. Consequently, the weakened cold airflow from north of eastern China suppresses the dispersion of pollutants over China and results in above-normal haze days.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plausible influence of Atlantic Ocean SST anomalies on winter haze in China

Xiao

Fan

et al. 2014

Theor Appl Climatol

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“…Fine aerosol particles can affect human health and degrade visibility in urban areas (Dockery et al 1993;Schwartz et al 1996;Wilson and Suh 1997;Tsai and Cheng 1999;Pope 2000;Schichtel et al 2001;Tsai et al 2003;Yadav et al 2003). Finer particles can penetrate more deeply into the respiratory tract than coarser ones (James et al 1991;Owen and Ensor 1992;Seaton et al 1995), and they also typically contain higher levels of harmful substances, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chemical mutagens (Ando et al 1996;Kiss et al 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Characteristics of Fine Particles (PM₁) from Xi'an, China

Shen

Cao

Arimoto

et al. 2010

Aerosol Science and Technology

102

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Daily mass concentrations of water-soluble inorganic (WS-i) ions, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) were determined for fine particulate matter (PM 1 , particles < 1.0 µm in diameter) collected at Xi'an, China. The annual mean PM 1 mass concentration was 127.3 ± 62.1 µg m -3 : WS-i ions accounted for ∼38% of the PM 1 mass; carbonaceous aerosol was ∼30%; and an unidentified fraction, probably mostly mineral dust, was ∼32%. WS-i ions and carbonaceous aerosol were the dominant species in winter and autumn, whereas the unidentified fraction had stronger influences in spring and summer. Ion balance calculations indicate that PM 1 was more acidic than PM 2.5 from the same site. PM 1 mass, sulfate and nitrate concentrations followed the order winter > spring > autumn > summer, but OC and EC levels were higher in autumn than spring. Annual mean OC and EC concentrations were 21.0 ± 12.0 µg m −3 and 5.1 ± 2.7 µg m -3 with high OC/EC ratios, presumably reflecting emissions from coal combustion and biomass burning. Secondary organic carbon, estimated from the minimum OC/EC ratios, comprised 28.9% of the OC. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis indicates that secondary aerosol and combustion emissions were the major sources for PM 1 .

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“…The capacity of these particles to cause light extinction also leads to visibility degradation in affected areas [e.g., Schichtel et al, 2001]. In addition, such aerosol particles provide surface area upon which heterogeneous reactions of atmospheric relevance occur [e.g., Cwiertny et al, 2008] and have been associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality among exposed populations [e.g., Schwartz et al, 1996].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of aerosol associated with enhanced small particle number concentrations in a suburban forested environment

Ziemba¹,

Griffin²,

Cottrell³

et al. 2010

J. Geophys. Res.

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Two elevated particle number/mass growth events associated with Aitken‐mode particles were observed during a sampling campaign (13–29 September 2004) at the Duke University Free‐Air CO2 Enrichment facility, a forested field site located in suburban central North Carolina. Aerosol growth rates between 1.2 and 4.9 nm hr−1 were observed, resulting in net increases in geometric mean diameter of 21 and 37 nm during events. Growth was dominated by addition of oxidized organic compounds. Campaign‐average aerosol mass concentrations measured by an Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer (Q‐AMS) were 1.9 ± 1.6 (σ), 1.6 ± 1.9, 0.1 ± 0.1, and 0.4 ± 0.4 μg m−3 for organic mass (OM), sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium, respectively. These values represent 47%, 40%, 3%, and 10%, respectively, of the measured submicron aerosol mass. Based on Q‐AMS spectra, OM was apportioned to hydrocarbon‐like organic aerosol (HOA, likely representing primary organic aerosol) and two types of oxidized organic aerosol (OOA‐1 and OOA‐2), which constituted on average 6%, 58%, and 36%, respectively, of the apportioned OM. OOA‐1 probably represents aged, regional secondary organic aerosol (SOA), while OOA‐2 likely reflects less aged SOA. Organic aerosol characteristics associated with the events are compared to the campaign averages. Particularly in one event, the contribution of OOA‐2 to overall OM levels was enhanced, indicating the likelihood of less aged SOA formation. Statistical analyses investigate the relationships between HOA, OOA‐1, OOA‐2, other aerosol components, gas‐phase species, and meteorological data during the campaign and individual events. No single variable clearly controls the occurrence of a particle growth event.

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Haze trends over the United States, 1980–1995

Cited by 190 publications

References 21 publications

Plausible influence of Atlantic Ocean SST anomalies on winter haze in China

Plausible influence of Atlantic Ocean SST anomalies on winter haze in China

Chemical Characteristics of Fine Particles (PM₁) from Xi'an, China

Characterization of aerosol associated with enhanced small particle number concentrations in a suburban forested environment

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Haze trends over the United States, 1980–1995

Cited by 190 publications

References 21 publications

Plausible influence of Atlantic Ocean SST anomalies on winter haze in China

Plausible influence of Atlantic Ocean SST anomalies on winter haze in China

Chemical Characteristics of Fine Particles (PM1) from Xi'an, China

Characterization of aerosol associated with enhanced small particle number concentrations in a suburban forested environment

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Chemical Characteristics of Fine Particles (PM₁) from Xi'an, China