Head and Neck Responses under High G-Level Lateral Deceleration

Neck injury tolerance under inertial loads in side impacts

“…a Tests by Ewing et al (1977Ewing et al ( , 1978, Wismans and Spenny (1983), Wismans et al (1986), Patrick and Chou (1976). b Tests by Bendjellal et al (1987), Kallieris et al (1981Kallieris et al ( , 1991Kallieris et al ( , 1996a. Everest (1988), emphasized that minor injuries may be either not assessed in cadaveric tests or underestimated in accident studies.…”

“…It included both non-injury, sled tests with volunteers (Patrick and Chou, 1976;Ewing et al, 1977Ewing et al, , 1978Wismans and Spenny, 1983;Wismans et al, 1986), and injury protocols, tests with cadavers/PMHS (Kallieris et al, 1981(Kallieris et al, , 1991(Kallieris et al, , 1996bBendjellal et al, 1987). The data are summarised in Table 5.…”

“…Bendjellal et al (1987) and observed in lateral impact experiments injuries in the lower cervical spine. Injuries were typically to the intervertebral disc or facet joint capsule, and in the most severe cases vertebral fractures.…”

“…Studies on volunteers (Ewing et al, 1976(Ewing et al, , 1977(Ewing et al, , 1978Patrick and Chou, 1976;Wismans and Spenny, 1983;Wismans et al, 1986) have defined a range of safe impact conditions: sled accelerations up to 11g have been conducted on volunteers without injury (Ewing et al, 1977); and, neck loads of up to 56 Nm of lateral bending moment or 794 N shear force have been observed without injury (Patrick and Chou, 1976;Wismans et al, 1986). More severe impacts have been evaluated with cadaver experiments and have identified injury thresholds of 1920 N shear force, for example Bendjellal et al (1987) and Kallieris et al (1996b). The ISO (ISO, 1997) proposed that biofidelic requirements for the side impact dummies be based on volunteer (Patrick and Chou, 1976;Ewing et al, 1977) as well as cadaveric (Tarriere et al, 1979) experimental datasets.…”

Development of a finite element model of the human neck subjected to high g-level lateral deceleration

“…The sled tests were limited to low level acceleration as it is obvious that volunteer tests must not exceed injury levels. Therefore it needs to be shown if a model validated for low g-level acceleration performs equally well for high g-level lateral acceleration [17]. To be able to simulate impact situations that exceed injury levels a neck model is required that performs equally well if subjected to high g-level acceleration.…”