Head-mounted goggles for murine form deprivation myopia

Faulkner, Amanda E.; Kim, Moon K.; Iuvone, P. Michael; Pardue, Machelle T.

doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.10.011

Cited by 38 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The mice (23 days old) were randomly assigned to the form deprivation myopia (FDM) and healthy control eye (free of form deprivation). Animals in the FDM group wore diffuser goggles 31 that covered the right eye for four weeks. After four weeks, the goggles were removed from the animals.…”

Section: Animal Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Functional Polymorphism at the FGF10 Gene Is Associated With Extreme Myopia

Hsi

Chen

Chang

et al. 2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. Fibroblast growth factor-10 (FGF10) can modulate extracellular matrix associated genes and, therefore, it could be a myopia susceptibility gene. This study used an animal model, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) association, and genetic functional assay to evaluate FGF10 gene for myopia. METHODS.The expression levels of FGF10 gene were compared among the form deprivation myopic (FDM) eyes, the fellow eyes of the FDM group, and the healthy eyes of experimental mice. In the present study 1020 cases ( À6.0 diopters [D]) and 960 controls ( ‡À1.5 D) were enrolled from a Chinese population. Eight tagging SNPs were genotyped to test for an association between genotypes and myopia. The luciferase reporter assay was conducted for the particular SNP to assess the allelic effect on gene expression. RESULTS.The sclera of FDM eyes had a 2.57-fold higher level of FGF10 mRNA (P ¼ 0.018) than the fellow eyes. Although no SNP was associated with high myopia, SNP rs339501 was significantly associated with extreme myopia ( À10 D, P ¼ 0.008) and the odds ratio (OR) was 1.58 for G allele carriers. The luciferase assay showed that the risk G allele significantly caused a higher expression level than the A allele (P ¼ 0.011).CONCLUSIONS. The evidence suggested FGF10 to be a risk factor for myopia. The sclera of myopic eyes had higher FGF10 levels. The risk G allele of SNP rs339501 was associated with extreme myopia in human and caused a higher gene expression in the luciferase assay. It is concluded that the FGF10 could have been involved in the development of myopia.Keywords: FDM, myopia, FGF10 M yopia is a common eye condition worldwide, and its prevalence varies widely among populations and ages and between the sexes.1-3 When the definition of less than À6 diopters (D) was used, the prevalence of high myopia was found to be 18% among young Taiwanese men and 24% among young Taiwanese women 1 ; both of which are higher than the 13.1% reported among young men in Singapore.2 Furthermore, an increased frequency of high myopia (<À6.0 D) was found in young Taiwanese people: 10.9% in 1983 and 21% in 2000. 4 Myopia progresses quickly in childhood, especially around the teenage years. By early adulthood, the rate of change in ocular refraction tends to decline and the prevalence of myopia stabilizes. 5 Several studies have also shown the family history of myopia to be a significant risk factor. 6,7 Recently, genetic association studies including genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported several susceptibility genes to nonsyndromic myopia. 8-17Scleral remodeling is one of the important mechanisms for the development of myopia, 18 Several genes are associated with the scleral remodeling including sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), 19 matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 20 tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), 20 and TGF-b. 21 The expression of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) has been shown to be abundant in the murine retina and sclera. 22,23 FGF10 plays a pivotal role in controlling elongation of lacrima...

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Section: Animal Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Functional Polymorphism at the FGF10 Gene Is Associated With Extreme Myopia

Hsi

Chen

Chang

et al. 2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…Additionally, mice exposed to FL also developed fewer ocular complications than mice with goggles glued to their fur. Faulkner et al [14] reported that 73% of mice with Data are presented as means 8 SD. * p < 0.05, compared with the control group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Form deprivation myopia can also be induced by imposition with a translucent diffuser or diffusers lens over the eyes of the animals [9,12,13] . However, gluing a goggle directly to a mouse's face requires the use of a collar, which leads to poor overall health of the mouse [14] . Moreover, the goggles often become loose, reducing compliance and ultimately decreasing the effectiveness of the FD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Flickering Light on Refraction and Changes in Eye Axial Length of C57BL/6 Mice

Chen²,

Tuo³

et al. 2011

Ophthalmic Res

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Aims: To investigate the effectiveness and feasibility of inducing myopia in mice by flickering-light (FL) stimulation. Methods: Forty-five 28-day-old C57BL/6 (B6) mice were randomly assigned to three groups: control group, FL stimulation group and form deprivation (FD) group. Mice in the control group were raised under 250 lux illumination from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Mice in the FL group were raised under illumination with a duty cycle of 50% at a flash rate of 2 Hz from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. for 6 weeks. Mice in the FD group were raised under the same conditions as the control group; the right eyes of the mice were covered with semitransparent hemispherical plastic shells serving as eye diffusers. The refractive state and axial length (AL) of the right eyes were measured by eccentric infrared photorefraction and A-scan ultrasonography, respectively, before treatment and after 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks’ treatment. Results: After 6 weeks’ exposure to FL, the refraction became more myopic compared with the control group as indicated by longer AL compared with the control group (p < 0.05); the FD eyes were more myopic than the FL eyes (p < 0.05). However, some mice lost their eye diffusers, and lens opacities were found. Conclusion: Myopia can be induced by FL in B6 mice. The myopic shift induced by FL is less than that induced by FD, but FL causes fewer side effects, and is safery and easier to manipulate.

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“…Goggles were held in place using head-mounted frames, as described previously, for up to 8 weeks (12 weeks of age). 41 All procedures adhered to the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research, and were approved by the local Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.…”

Section: Animals and Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…32,38 The mouse recently has been adopted as an experimental model for myopia, offering the ability to manipulate genes and environment (see review 39 ). The mouse eye responds with myopic shifts when exposed to FD [40][41][42][43][44][45] or negative lens defocus. 43,46 In addition, a number of studies using mice have confirmed signaling pathways implicated in previous chicken studies as influencing refractive development, such as the early growth response protein-1, 47-49 muscarinic receptors, 50 adenosine receptors, 51 retinoic acid, 52 To more fully explore the contributions of rod photoreceptors to emmetropization and myopia development, we tested mice with nonfunctional rod photoreceptors, carrying alleles for the gene of the rhodopsin-associated G protein, transducin a1 (Gnat1) under normal and form deprived visual conditions.…”

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confidence: 99%