Head taps evoke a crossed vestibulo-ocular reflex

Iwasaki, Shinichi; McGarvie, Leigh A.; Halmagyi, G. Michael; Burgess, Ann M.; Kim, J.; Colebatch, James G.; Curthoys, Ian S.

doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000259064.80564.21

Cited by 269 publications

(207 citation statements)

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“…This potential is a 'crossed' reflex, i.e. recorded in the eye contralateral to the stimulated ear (Iwasaki et al, 2007), and is thought to be mediated by otolith fibres, as animal studies have shown that otolith afferents are preferentially activated by vibration and sound (Curthoys et al, 2006;Murofushi et al, 1997). As the n10 component of the reflex is abolished in patients with vestibular loss, the oVEMP has been introduced as a clinical test of otolith function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why do oVEMPs become larger when you look up? Explaining the effect of gaze elevation on the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential

Rosengren¹,

Colebatch²,

Straumann³

et al. 2013

Clinical Neurophysiology

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OBJECTIVES: The ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP) is a vestibular reflex recorded from the inferior oblique (IO) muscles, which increases in amplitude during eye elevation. We investigated whether this effect of gaze elevation could be explained by movement of the IO closer to the recording electrode. METHODS: We compared oVEMPs recorded with different gaze elevations to those recorded with constant gaze position but electrodes placed at increasing distance from the eyes. oVEMPs were recorded in ten healthy subjects using bursts of skull vibration. RESULTS: oVEMP amplitude decreased more with decreasing gaze elevation (9 V from 24°up to neutral) than with increasing electrode distance (2.7 V from baseline to 6.4mm; P<0.005). The oVEMP recorded with gaze 24°down had delayed latency (by 4.5ms). CONCLUSION: The effect of gaze elevation on the oVEMP cannot be explained by changes in position of the muscle alone and is likely mainly due to increased tonic contraction of the IO muscle in up-gaze. The oVEMP recorded in down-gaze (when the IO is inactivated, but the IR activated) likely originates in the adjacent IR muscle. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that oVEMP amplitudes in extraocular muscles scale in response to changing tonic muscle activity. Highlights: Gaze elevation significantly increases oVEMP amplitude, while gaze depression decreases amplitude and prolongs latency.  This gaze effect is primarily due to changes in tonic eye muscle activity, while the contribution of changes in muscle-electrode distance is significant but small.  oVEMPs recorded from below the eyes originate mainly in the inferior oblique muscle during up-gaze and in the inferior rectus muscle during down-gaze. 2 AbstractObjectives: The ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP) is a vestibular reflex recorded from the inferior oblique (IO) muscles, which increases in amplitude during eye elevation. We investigated whether this effect of gaze elevation could be explained by movement of the IO closer to the recording electrode.Methods: We compared oVEMPs recorded with different gaze elevations to those recorded with constant gaze position but electrodes placed at increasing distance from the eyes.oVEMPs were recorded in ten healthy subjects using bursts of skull vibration.Results: oVEMP amplitude decreased more with decreasing gaze elevation (9 V from 24º up to neutral) than with increasing electrode distance (2.7 V from baseline to 6.4 mm;P<0.005). The oVEMP recorded with gaze 24º down had delayed latency (by 4.5 ms). Conclusion:The effect of gaze elevation on the oVEMP cannot be explained by changes in position of the muscle alone and is likely mainly due to increased tonic contraction of the IO muscle in up-gaze. The oVEMP recorded in down-gaze (when the IO is inactivated, but the IR activated) likely originates in the adjacent IR muscle.Significance: Our results suggest that oVEMP amplitudes in extraocular muscles scale in response to changing tonic muscle activity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why do oVEMPs become larger when you look up? Explaining the effect of gaze elevation on the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential

Rosengren¹,

Colebatch²,

Straumann³

et al. 2013

Clinical Neurophysiology

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“…Under these conditions, the oVEMP is large [5,6] and highly lateralized, being larger on the side contralateral to the stimulated ear [7,8], important factors which contribute to its clinical utility. The lateralization of the reflex is significant as the largest oVEMPs are usually recorded using BC stimulation of the skull, which activates the vestibular receptors in both ears simultaneously.…”

Section: What Are Ovemps?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lateralization of the reflex is significant as the largest oVEMPs are usually recorded using BC stimulation of the skull, which activates the vestibular receptors in both ears simultaneously. The contralateral dominance means that in patients with unilateral vestibular loss the oVEMP will be absent or attenuated on the side opposite the lesion, revealing the side of the deficit [8]. oVEMPs evoked by AC stimulation are also larger and more prevalent on the contralateral side.…”

Section: What Are Ovemps?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Utility of Ocular Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials (oVEMPs)

Weber

Rosengren

2015

Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep

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“…The stimuli were arranged over eight octaves from 0.5 to 64 Hz. The transient displacement stimulus waveforms consisted of cosine modulated ½ cycle (0.5 Hz), 1½ (1, 2, and 4 Hz), and 2½ cycle (8,16,32, and 64 Hz) sinusoids arranged so that at the endpoints of the motion the acceleration, the velocity and the displacement returned to zero (e.g., Fig. 2).…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For low-frequency vibration, upwards gaze also produces a large inferior response, but it is not abolished with downwards gaze, only altered in morphology, indicative of an alternative source (24). Given the role of the inferior oblique as an elevator and its particular anatomical location it is generally thought that the inferior OVEMP is produced primarily by this muscle with upwards gaze (8,18,22,30,31). Other muscles, including inferior, superior, and lateral recti have been suggested as sources for OVEMPs measured in other periocular locations and with differing gaze positions (25,30).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributions of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and the electrooculogram to periocular potentials produced by whole-body vibration

Todd

Bell

Paillard

et al. 2012

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Todd NPM, Bell SL, Paillard AC, Griffin MJ. Contributions of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and the electrooculogram to periocular potentials produced by whole-body vibration. J Appl Physiol 113: 1613-1623. First published September 13, 2012 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00375.2012In this paper we report the results of an experiment to investigate the emergence of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (OVEMPs) during the linear vestibular ocular reflex (LVOR) evoked by whole-body vibration (WBV). OVEMP and electrooculogram (EOG) montages were employed to record periocular potentials (POPs) from six subjects during WBV in the nasooccipital (NO) axis over a range of frequencies from 0.5 to 64 Hz with approximately constant peak head acceleration of 1.0 ms Ϫ2 (i.e., 0.1 g). Measurements were made in two context conditions: a fixation context to examine the effect of gaze eccentricity (0 vs. 20°), and a visual context, where a target was either head-fixed or earth-fixed. The principal results are that from 0.5 to 2 Hz POP magnitude in the earth-fixed condition is related to head displacement, so with constant acceleration at all frequencies it reduces with increasing frequency, but at frequencies greater than 2 Hz both POP magnitude and POP gain, defined as the ratio of POP magnitude at 20 and 0°, increase with increasing frequency. By exhibiting this high-pass characteristic, a property shared with the LVOR, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the OVEMP, as commonly employed in the clinical setting, is a high-frequency manifestation of the LVOR. However, we also observed low-frequency acceleration following POPs in head-fixed conditions, consistent with a low-frequency OVEMP, and found evidence of a highfrequency visual context effect, which is also consistent with the OVEMP being a manifestation of the LVOR.

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Head taps evoke a crossed vestibulo-ocular reflex

Cited by 269 publications

References 9 publications

Why do oVEMPs become larger when you look up? Explaining the effect of gaze elevation on the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential

Why do oVEMPs become larger when you look up? Explaining the effect of gaze elevation on the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential

Clinical Utility of Ocular Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials (oVEMPs)

Contributions of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and the electrooculogram to periocular potentials produced by whole-body vibration

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