Headspace solid-phase microextraction for the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in urine

Fustinoni, Silvia; Giampiccolo, Rosario; Pulvirenti, S.; Buratti, M; Colombi, A

doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00515-5

Cited by 99 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Determinations of unchanged toluene 73) , toluene and xylenes 74) or tetrachloroethylene 75) were also performed, showing a correlation between the concentration of these compounds in the air and in urine samples collected at the end of exposure. The conditions concerning urine sampling and sample storage were investigated and general conclusions have been reached 67,76) . The determination can be performed by means of gas chromatography after VOCs' separation from urine by means of traditional 'head space' (HS) or head space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) 76,77) .…”

Section: Unchanged Vocs In Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The conditions concerning urine sampling and sample storage were investigated and general conclusions have been reached 67,76) . The determination can be performed by means of gas chromatography after VOCs' separation from urine by means of traditional 'head space' (HS) or head space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) 76,77) . Based on some of the regression curves published in literature, the so-called Biological Equivalent Exposure Limits (Limite Biologico Equivalente) for unchanged VOCs in urine have been proposed in Italy for benzene, n-hexane, methylchloroform, methylethylketone, styrene, toluene and xylene 30) .…”

Section: Unchanged Vocs In Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

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Biological Monitoring of Exposure: Trends and Key Developments

Jakubowski

Trzcinka-Ochocka

2005

Journal of Occupational Health

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In the United States it belongs rather to the field of occupational hygiene. It seems that both the approaches can be accepted. More attention should be paid to the development of the truly health-based biomarkers of exposure based on the dose-effect and dose-response relationships. New areas of application of BM of occupational exposure include determination of DNA and protein adducts, unchanged volatile organic compounds in urine, monitoring of exposure to pesticides, antineoplastic drugs, hard metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In the general environment BM is the most valuable tool for acquiring knowledge of current levels of internal exposure to xenobiotics, identifying the hot spots and developments in trends of exposure. BM can provide policy makers with more accurate information on the control measures undertaken. At present, the main areas include heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants and pesticides. BM of chemical exposure has become increasingly important in the assessment of the health risk in occupational and environmental medicine. Therefore it would be worthwhile to include BM in the curricula for the training of occupational hygienists. (J Occup Health 2005; 47: 22-48)

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Section: Unchanged Vocs In Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Unchanged Vocs In Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Monitoring of Exposure: Trends and Key Developments

Jakubowski

Trzcinka-Ochocka

2005

Journal of Occupational Health

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“…VOCs in blood and urine were determined by solid phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME-GC-MS). The analyses were carried out on HP 6890 gas chromatograph with HP 5973 mass detector, split injector, and capillary column (HP-INNOWAX) using the method previously described by Fustinioni et al [12]. Metabolites in urine were determined by gas chromatography (Hewlett-Packard 5890 Series II Plus, GC column HP-5, 50 m × 0.32 mm × 1.05 μm) using the method described by Janasik et al [2].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unmetabolized VOCs in urine as biomarkers of low level occupational exposure

Janasik

Jakubowski²,

Wesołowski³

et al. 2010

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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Objectives: To compare the usefulness of determining unchanged forms of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), namely toluene (TOL), ethylbenzene (EB) and xylene (XYL), in urine with the effectiveness of the already used biomarkers of occupational exposure. Materials and Methods: Surveys were conducted in two workplaces (paint factory and footwear factory). In total, 65 subjects participated in the study. Air samples were collected using individual samplers during work shift. Urine and blood samples were collected at the end of work shift. Urine samples were analyzed for unchanged compounds and selected metabolites, while blood samples were tested for unchanged compounds. VOCs in blood and urine were determined by solid phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME-GC-MS). Results: In the paint factory, the geometric mean (GM) concentrations of VOCs in the air ranged as follows: 0.2-4.7 mg/m 3 for TOL, 0.4-40.9 mg/m 3 for EB and 0.1-122.6 mg/m 3 for XYL. In the footwear factory, the GM concentration of TOL in the air amounted to 105.4 mg/m 3 . A significant correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between VOCs in blood, urine and air. The regression analyses performed for paint factory workers showed that TOL-U and TOL-B were better biomarkers of exposure (r = 0.72 and r = 0.81) than benzoic acid (r = 0.12) or o-cresol (r = 0.55). Conclusion: The findings of the study point out that the concentration of unchanged VOCs in urine can be a reliable biological indicator of low level occupational exposure to these compounds.

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“…Two main sources of these compounds are traffic and tobacco smoking (1). BTEX are widely used in the manufacture of paints, synthetic rubber, agricultural chemicals and chemical intermediates (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since it is not known for BTEX to occur in human urine as a result of normal physiological metabolism, the finding of measurable concentrations of BTEX in the urine should reflect exposure to these aromatic compounds. At the level of environmental exposure, the concentration of BTEX excreted unmodified in the urine is low; the proportion is usually in the order of 1 % or less of the absorbed dose (9), so the quantification of BTEX in the urine of general population has become possible thanks to the development of the very sensitive analytical techniques which permit determination at levels as low as ng L -1 (1,5,10). Several instrumental variations are described for the low level BTEX determinations in the urine.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison Between Dynamic Headspace and Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction for Gas Chromatography of Btex in Urine

Karačonji

Skender²

2007

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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The aim of this study was to compare two extraction procedures: dynamic headspace-purge and trap (PT) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) for gas chromatographic determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and isomeric xylenes (BTEX) in urine with photoionization (PID) and mass spectrometric (MS) detection, respectively. Both methods showed linearity in the range of interest [(50-2000) ng L-1 ], good accuracy (80% to 100 %), and repeatability (RSD≤11 %). Detection limits were in the low ng L -1 level for both methods, although slightly greater sensitivity was found for the PT method. In comparison with PT, HS-SPME was simpler and required less time for analysis. Although the analytical features of both examined methods are appropriate for biomonitoring of environmental exposure to BTEX, only the HS-SPME-GC-MS method is recommended for routine analysis of BTEX in urine. The method was applied for the quantitative analysis of BTEX in urine samples collected from non-smokers (n=10) and smokers (n=10).

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Headspace solid-phase microextraction for the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in urine

Cited by 99 publications

References 22 publications

Biological Monitoring of Exposure: Trends and Key Developments

Biological Monitoring of Exposure: Trends and Key Developments

Unmetabolized VOCs in urine as biomarkers of low level occupational exposure

Comparison Between Dynamic Headspace and Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction for Gas Chromatography of Btex in Urine

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