Health Consequences of Sarcopenic Obesity: A Narrative Review

Roh, Eun; Choi, Kyung Mook

doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00332

Cited by 203 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 152 publications

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“…In addition, obesity is strongly associated with elevated chronic systemic inflammation and progressive declines in physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness, which all contribute to a worse prognosis of ill health and accelerated sarcopenia risk (59)(60)(61)(62). Obesity is associated with a number of endocrinological impairments (63). For example, in obese adipose tissue adipocytes undergo hypertrophy, hyperplasia and activation resulting in accumulation of proinflammatory macrophages and other immune cells as well as dysregulated production of various adipokines that together further exacerbate inflammation (23).…”

Section: Health Consequences Of Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Impact of Obesity on Skeletal Muscle Function in Older Age

2020

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Sarcopenia is of important clinical relevance for loss of independence in older adults. The prevalence of obesity in combination with sarcopenia (“sarcopenic-obesity”) is increasing at a rapid rate. However, whilst the development of sarcopenia is understood to be multi-factorial and harmful to health, the role of obesity from a protective and damaging perspective on skeletal muscle in aging, is poorly understood. Specifically, the presence of obesity in older age may be accompanied by a greater volume of skeletal muscle mass in weight-bearing muscles compared with lean older individuals, despite impaired physical function and resistance to anabolic stimuli. Collectively, these findings support a potential paradox in which obesity may protect skeletal muscle mass in older age. One explanation for these paradoxical findings may be that the anabolic response to weight-bearing activity could be greater in obese vs. lean older individuals due to a larger mechanical stimulus, compensating for the heightened muscle anabolic resistance. However, it is likely that there is a complex interplay between muscle, adipose, and external influences in the aging process that are ultimately harmful to health in the long-term. This narrative briefly explores some of the potential mechanisms regulating changes in skeletal muscle mass and function in aging combined with obesity and the interplay with sarcopenia, with a particular focus on muscle morphology and the regulation of muscle proteostasis. In addition, whilst highly complex, we attempt to provide an updated summary for the role of obesity from a protective and damaging perspective on muscle mass and function in older age. We conclude with a brief discussion on treatment of sarcopenia and obesity and a summary of future directions for this research field.

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Section: Health Consequences Of Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Impact of Obesity on Skeletal Muscle Function in Older Age

2020

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“…Recent evidence indicates that the coexistence of sarcopenia and obesity is associated with adverse musculoskeletal outcomes [ 33 ], accelerated functional decline, and worse disability compared with those with sarcopenia or obesity alone, or neither sarcopenia nor obesity [ 34 ]. This may lead to increased incidence of falls [ 35 , 36 ] and, combined with the apparent loss of any protective effect of obesity for fractures [ 37 ], sarcopenic obesity may perpetuate disability and poor quality of life [ 38 ]. Recently, there has been conjecture over whether high fat mass does in fact increase the risk of functional decline in older age beyond the effects of sarcopenia alone [ 39 ].…”

Section: Sarcopenia and Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Protein Intake in Older Adults with Sarcopenia and Obesity: A Gut Microbiota Perspective

et al. 2020

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The continuous population increase of older adults with metabolic diseases may contribute to increased prevalence of sarcopenia and obesity and requires advocacy of optimal nutrition treatments to combat their deleterious outcomes. Sarcopenic obesity, characterized by age-induced skeletal-muscle atrophy and increased adiposity, may accelerate functional decline and increase the risk of disability and mortality. In this review, we explore the influence of dietary protein on the gut microbiome and its impact on sarcopenia and obesity. Given the associations between red meat proteins and altered gut microbiota, a combination of plant and animal-based proteins are deemed favorable for gut microbiota eubiosis and muscle-protein synthesis. Additionally, high-protein diets with elevated essential amino-acid concentrations, alongside increased dietary fiber intake, may promote gut microbiota eubiosis, given the metabolic effects derived from short-chain fatty-acid and branched-chain fatty-acid production. In conclusion, a greater abundance of specific gut bacteria associated with increased satiation, protein synthesis, and overall metabolic health may be driven by protein and fiber consumption. This could counteract the development of sarcopenia and obesity and, therefore, represent a novel approach for dietary recommendations based on the gut microbiota profile. However, more human trials utilizing advanced metabolomic techniques to investigate the microbiome and its relationship with macronutrient intake, especially protein, are warranted.

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“…Even the relatively healthy seniors lose~1% of muscle mass and~3% muscle strength annually [28]. Considering these factors, sarcopenia is similar to other metabolic diseases such as obesity, type II diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [29][30][31][32].…”

Section: General Considerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Docosahexaenoic Acid, a Potential Treatment for Sarcopenia, Modulates the Ubiquitin–Proteasome and the Autophagy–Lysosome Systems

2020

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One of the characteristic features of aging is the progressive loss of muscle mass, a nosological syndrome called sarcopenia. It is also a pathologic risk factor for many clinically adverse outcomes in older adults. Therefore, delaying the loss of muscle mass, through either boosting muscle protein synthesis or slowing down muscle protein degradation using nutritional supplements could be a compelling strategy to address the needs of the world’s aging population. Here, we review the recently identified properties of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It was shown to delay muscle wasting by stimulating intermediate oxidative stress and inhibiting proteasomal degradation of muscle proteins. Both the ubiquitin–proteasome and the autophagy–lysosome systems are modulated by DHA. Collectively, growing evidence indicates that DHA is a potent pharmacological agent that could improve muscle homeostasis. Better understanding of cellular proteolytic systems associated with sarcopenia will allow us to identify novel therapeutic interventions, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, to treat this disease.

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Health Consequences of Sarcopenic Obesity: A Narrative Review

Cited by 203 publications

References 152 publications

Exploring the Impact of Obesity on Skeletal Muscle Function in Older Age

Exploring the Impact of Obesity on Skeletal Muscle Function in Older Age

Impact of Protein Intake in Older Adults with Sarcopenia and Obesity: A Gut Microbiota Perspective

Docosahexaenoic Acid, a Potential Treatment for Sarcopenia, Modulates the Ubiquitin–Proteasome and the Autophagy–Lysosome Systems

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