Health effects associated with wastewater treatment, disposal, and reuse

Kindzierski, Warren B.; Gabos, Stephen

doi:10.1002/j.1554-7531.1994.tb00130.x

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…The wastewater mainly comes from industries, but may also come from residential areas and hospitals. This could be indicative of a possibility of the presence of contaminants such as active chemicals, and the adverse effects thereof [148,149]. The DRC is not free from contamination; in addition to reports of toxic metals in hospital effluents, one study [111], further highlighted the significantly high (p < 0.05) values of 16S rRNA, FIB, and ARG copy numbers in all sampling sites, including upstream (control site), at discharge points, and downstream of receiving rivers [111].…”

Section: Democratic Republic Of Congo (Drc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Environment: A Focus on Active Chemicals in Sub-Saharan Africa

et al. 2021

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Active chemicals are among the contaminants of emerging concern that are rarely covered in regulatory documents in sub-Saharan Africa. These substances are neither in the list of routinely monitored substances nor in the guidelines for routine environmental monitoring activities. This has been of concern to public health officials, toxicologists, communities, and governments, hence the need for risk assessment and regulation of these substances. In this review article, the presence of active chemicals in the sub-Saharan African environment was investigated. The results indicate the availability of few studies in some countries, while in other countries no reports of active chemicals were found, hence the need for further research targeting such countries. It was further observed that mixtures of active chemicals from different therapeutic categories—such as antibiotics and analgesics—were reported. The natural environment is increasingly at risk due to the presence of these substances, their metabolites, and their transformation byproducts. These substances are characterized by persistence as a result of their non-biodegradable nature; hence, they circulate from one environmental compartment to another through the food chain, causing harm along the way. Most studies that evaluated the toxicity of these substances considered the effects of a single drug, but observations indicated the presence of drug mixtures, hence the need for further evaluation of the effects of drug–drug interactions—including synergistic and additive effects—for environmental sustainability. The presence of ACs in several environmental compartments at quantifiable quantities was discovered in this investigation, indicating the potential for ecosystem injury as a result of bioaccumulation, bioconcentration, and biomagnification through the food chain. This necessitates further research on the subject in order to ensure a healthier environment.

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Section: Democratic Republic Of Congo (Drc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Environment: A Focus on Active Chemicals in Sub-Saharan Africa

et al. 2021

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“…Specific topics examined included design, modeling, and evaluation of domestic, military, and industrial reclamation systems, as well as public attitudes, and government policy. Kindzierski and Gabos (1994) reviewed the potential diseases associated with water reuse practices such as lawn irrigation as well as other avenues of water contamination. Hespanhol and Prost (1994) presented several examples to illustrate the difference between guidelines and water quality standards for reuse and to show how countries have been adapting World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines to their situations to produce national standards on drinking water quality and the use of treated wastewater for crop irrigation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Water reclamation and reuse

Smith¹

1995

Water Environment Research

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GENERALA major symposium on water reuse was cosponsored by the American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Water Environment Federation (WEF). Proceedings from the symposium contain papers covering a wide variety of water reuse issues including planning, management, financing, marketing, design, and regulation (AWWA, 1994). Many individual papers from the symposium are cited in this review. Bastian (1994) presented an overview of water reuse in the U.S. and a brief summary of state-by-state water reuse practices. He noted that water reuse practices are regulated on a state-by-state basis because there are no national standards and that the largest reclaimed water demands in the U.S. are for agricultural irrigation and cooling water for thermoelectric generation, usually at sites near urban areas where reclaimed water is generated. Six research projects were identified as the most useful in advancing the state of knowledge in water reclamation and reuse of municipal wastewater (Crook, 1994). These projects include the following: microbial risk assessment monitoring, identification of new indicators of pathogenic microorganisms, evaluation of the effects of process selection on particle-size distribution, seasonal storage for reclaimed water, nonpotable water management, and evaluation of metals and synthetic organic chemicals in irrigation water. The evolution of AWWA policy on water reuse was de-,scribed by Bergman (1994). He noted that there are still many obstacles to be overcome, including acceptance of nonpotable reuse for edible crops and for use inside buildings. Survey results were presented on the potential for water recycling in California to the year 2010 and beyond (Kelly, J. et aI., 1994). All regions in California reported increasing use of recycled water. Sixtythree percent of respondents reported water supply as the leading reason for water recycling projects. At least $2 billion could be spent over the next 25 years on construction of water reclamation capital facilities. However, a water supply shortfall is expected by 2020 unless a goal of75% water reclamation is also achieved.Extensive bibliographies were published on the general topic of water reclamation (NERAC, 1994a and b). Specific topics examined included design, modeling, and evaluation of domestic, military, and industrial reclamation systems, as well as public attitudes, and government policy. Kindzierski and Gabos (1994) reviewed the potential diseases associated with water reuse practices such as lawn irrigation as well as other avenues of water contamination. Hespanhol and Prost (1994) presented several examples to illustrate the difference between guidelines and water quality standards for reuse and to show how countries have been adapting World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines to their situations to produce national standards on drinking water quality and the use of treated wastewater for crop irrigation. Microbial risk assessment modeling techniques have emerged as criteria for revising water reclamation regulations in Ca...

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