Health status of recreational runners over 10-km up to ultra-marathon distance based on data of the NURMI Study Step 2

Wirnitzer, Katharina; Boldt, Patrick; Wirnitzer, Gerold; Leitzmann, Claus; Tanous, Derrick; Motevalli, Mohamad; Rosemann, Thomas; Knechtle, Beat

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13844-4

Cited by 17 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(123 reference statements)

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“…Recent evidence indicates that distance runners have acceptable health-related behaviors regarding food choices since most of them prefer to intake healthy dietary ingredients [ 72 ]. The present findings show that vegan runners have a lower consumption of “refined grains” and “oils” along with a greater consumption of “beans and seeds” and “fruit and vegetables”, which may allow for some health-related interpretations in their dietary behaviors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Intake of Vegan and Non-Vegan Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

et al. 2022

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Nowadays, the growing popularity of distance running has been accompanied by the increasing prevalence of vegan and vegetarian diets, especially among endurance athletes. The present study aimed to examine the association between diet type and dietary intake of distance runners competing at distances longer than 10 km. From a total of 317 participants, 211 endurance runners (57% females) were considered the final sample after applying the exclusion criteria. Runners were assigned to three groups based on the self-reported diet types: 95 omnivores, 40 vegetarians, and 76 vegans. Data collection was conducted using an online survey with questions about sociodemographic information, dietary intake, and dietary-associated motives. A comprehensive food frequency questionnaire with 53 food groups (categorized in 14 basic—plus three umbrella—food clusters) was used to assess dietary intake. Vegan runners had a higher intake of “beans and seeds”, “fruit and vegetables”, and “dairy alternatives”, as well as lower intakes of “oils” than other two groups. Vegetarian runners had a lower intake of “dairy products” and “eggs” than omnivores. A greater intake of “alcohol” and a lower intake of “meat alternatives” was observed in omnivorous runners compared to vegans and vegetarians. Despite the existence of a tendency toward the consumption of health-related food clusters by vegan runners, further investigations are needed to verify the predominance of vegans in health-oriented dietary patterns.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Intake of Vegan and Non-Vegan Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

et al. 2022

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“…Evidence indicates that performance level, defined as the term professionalism, can be a key indicator of precise and personally tailored dietary intake and strategies for training and racing independent of age [85,86]. In this regard, the literature reports that the major motives of recreational athletes to take part in sport events are health and/or hobby [87,88], while professional athletes are mainly motivated by performance and competition-related aspects [89].…”

Section: Health Insights In Food Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Female Endurance Runners Have a Healthier Diet than Males—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

et al. 2022

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Sex has been recognized to be an important indicator of physiological, psychological, and nutritional characteristics among endurance athletes. However, there are limited data addressing sex-based differences in dietary behaviors of distance runners. The aim of the present study is to explore the sex-specific differences in dietary intake of female and male distance runners competing at >10-km distances. From the initial number of 317 participants, 211 endurance runners (121 females and 90 males) were selected as the final sample after a multi-level data clearance. Participants were classified to race distance (10-km, half-marathon, marathon/ultra-marathon) and type of diet (omnivorous, vegetarian, vegan) subgroups. An online survey was conducted to collect data on sociodemographic information and dietary intake (using a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire with 53 food groups categorized in 14 basic and three umbrella food clusters). Compared to male runners, female runners had a significantly greater intake in four food clusters, including “beans and seeds”, “fruit and vegetables”, “dairy alternatives”, and “water”. Males reported higher intakes of seven food clusters, including “meat”, “fish”, “eggs”, “oils”, “grains”, “alcohol”, and “processed foods”. Generally, it can be suggested that female runners have a tendency to consume healthier foods than males. The predominance of females with healthy dietary behavior can be potentially linked to the well-known differences between females and males in health attitudes and lifestyle patterns.

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“…The trial registration number is ISRCTN73074080 (retrospectively registered). Detailed information about the methods of the NURMI Study Step 2 has been described elsewhere [ 3 , 4 , 7 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Running has been well-established as a healthy physical activity for females and males across adulthood [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. While many similar training habits exist between female and male endurance runners, a multitude of factors remain distinguishable between the sexes, including primarily physiological and social differences [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parallel to health benefits, frequent runners often follow various personal motivations for running, primarily for leisure or sports performance [ 3 , 4 , 16 ]. Females generally report higher running motives for psychological health reasons (body weight concern, a sense of belonging, life meaning, fulfillment/harmony), whereas males are mostly competition-focused [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex Differences in Training Behaviors of 10 km to Ultra-Endurance Runners (Part A)—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

Tanous

Motevalli

Wirnitzer³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Training for running events is fundamental for successful participation in various running events such as 10 km, half-marathon, marathon, or ultra-marathon distances. Training behaviors are likely based on runner motivations and social constraints, particularly for females. Participants completed a questionnaire following a cross-sectional approach, including questions on sociodemographics, general training behaviors, and periodization training strategies. The final sample included 245 participants (141 females, 104 males), mostly from Germany (72%), Austria (18%), and Switzerland (5%), with a median age of 39 years (IQR 17) and a BMI of 21.7 kg/m² (IQR 3.5). Males more often trained alone and independently, whereas females were most likely to follow an external resource (p = 0.037). Non-parametric ANOVA revealed significant training differences between sexes in daily training mileages and durations at each phase and stage (p < 0.05) as well as in weekly training mileages and durations for general basic training and race-specific training (p < 0.05). Critical sex differences in training behaviors may arise from physiological differences and social expectations, which may be related to the distances they prefer to race at as well as their motivations for running and racing. This study provides a wide overview of training behaviors for endurance runners or professionals guiding healthy running performance.

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Health status of recreational runners over 10-km up to ultra-marathon distance based on data of the NURMI Study Step 2

Cited by 17 publications

References 78 publications

Dietary Intake of Vegan and Non-Vegan Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

Dietary Intake of Vegan and Non-Vegan Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

Female Endurance Runners Have a Healthier Diet than Males—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

Sex Differences in Training Behaviors of 10 km to Ultra-Endurance Runners (Part A)—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

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