Heart failure and trimethylamine N‐oxide: time to transform a ‘gut feeling’ in a fact?

Crisci, Giulia; Israr, Muhammad Zubair; Cittadini, Antonio; Bossone, Eduardo; Suzuki, Toru; Salzano, Andrea

doi:10.1002/ehf2.14205

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 41 publications

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“…TMAO production occurs secondary to the ingestion of nutrients containing the trimethylamine moiety, such as choline, phosphatidylcholine, and L-carnitine, all of which are found in high concentrations in animal products, including red meat, fish, milk, and eggs. The metabolism of these nutrients by microbial TMA lyases produces TMA, which enters the portal circulation, is oxidized to TMAO by hepatic flavin monooxygenases, primarily FMO3 (160), and subsequently enters the general circulation (28,161). It is believed that TMAO may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, following a proatherogenic pathway.…”

Section: Trimethylamine-n-oxide (Tmao) Associated With Cvdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of the intestinal microbiome and its therapeutic intervention in cardiovascular disorder

Luqman,

Hassan,

Ullah

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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The gut microbiome is a heterogeneous population of microbes comprising viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Such a microbiome is essential for sustaining host equilibrium, and its impact on human health can be altered by a variety of factors such as external variables, social behavior, age, nutrition, and genetics. Gut microbes’ imbalances are related to a variety of chronic diseases including cancer, obesity, and digestive disorders. Globally, recent findings show that intestinal microbes have a significant role in the formation of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is still the primary cause of fatalities. Atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, inflammation, and some inherited variables are all cardiovascular risk variables. However, studies found correlations between metabolism, intestinal flora, and dietary intake. Variations in the diversity of gut microbes and changes in their activity are thought to influence CVD etiology. Furthermore, the gut microbiota acts as an endocrine organ, producing bioactive metabolites such as TMA (trimethylamine)/TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), SCFA (short-chain fatty acids), and bile acids, which have a substantial impact on host wellness and disease by multiple mechanisms. The purpose of this overview is to compile current evidence highlighting the intricate links between gut microbiota, metabolites, and the development of CVD. It focuses on how intestinal dysbiosis promotes CVD risk factors such as heart failure, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. This review explores the normal physiology of intestinal microbes and potential techniques for targeting gut bacteria for CVD treatment using various microbial metabolites. It also examines the significance of gut bacteria in disease treatment, including supplements, prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotic therapies, and fecal transplantation, which is an innovative approach to the management of CVD. As a result, gut bacteria and metabolic pathways become increasingly attractive as potential targets for CVD intervention.

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Section: Trimethylamine-n-oxide (Tmao) Associated With Cvdmentioning

confidence: 99%