Heat activation and germination–promotion of Bacillus subtilis spores by infrared irradiation

Microbial Decontamination of Honey of Indian Origin Using Gamma Radiation and Its Biochemical and Organoleptic Properties

“…The pellet was washed and resuspended in 1 mL of sterile saline. The suspension was heated on boiling water bath (approximately 95 °C) for 5 min to kill the vegetative cells and to induce germination of presumptive spores (Sawai and others 2009). After heat treatment, the suspension was pour plated on plate count agar, incubated at 37 °C for 48 h, and the spore count was enumerated.…”

Effect of low-dose microwave radiation on Aspergillus parasiticus

“…Low-dose microwave radiation (LDMR; 2.45 GHz, 1.5 w/g) (Andrea, Paola, Andrea, Francesco, & Fabio, 2004;Vadivambal, Jayas, & White, 2007) not only has certain lethal effects on molds and pests (Wang, Wig, Tang, & Hallberg, 2003;Zhao, Shao, Xing, & Qiu, 2004, 2007a, but also maintains the quality of rice grains (Zhao, Shao, Xing, Qiu, & Xu, 2007b). Although the effectiveness of microwave irradiation for sterilization has been well established by numerous studies in recent decades (Goldblith, 1967;Latimer & Matsen, 1977;Lu, Zhou, Xiong, & Zhao, 2010;Sanborn, Wan, & Bulard, 1982;Sawai, Matsumoto, Saito, Isomura, & Wada, 2009), the exact nature of the sterilization effect and whether it is due solely to thermal effects or to the 'microwave effect' is still controversial. Presently, the efficiency of LDMR treatment against A. parasiticus during storage is still relatively low.…”

“…LDMR causes a variety of biophysical, biochemical and functional changes. Microwaves can affect the mortality rate, cell structure, cell inclusion and DNA of microorganisms (Celandroni, Longo, & Tosoratti, 2004;Ovchinnikova, 1996;Sawai et al, 2009;Welt, Tong, Rossen, & Lund, 1994).…”

Inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus spores in healthcare waste by uv light coupled with H2O2

“…The number of spores per mL was calculated by multiplying the amount seeded (1 mL) by the number of colony forming units counted (CFU) and dividing the result by the dilution performed. The tests were done in triplicate (Hoben and Somasegaran, 1982;Mamane et al 2007;Sawai et al, 2009;Uemura et al, 2010).…”