Heat Islands

Gartland, Lisa Mummery

doi:10.4324/9781849771559

Cited by 133 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…This was due to the increased air turbulence produced by the improved 'roughness' of the land surface and to convection triggered by the properties and different thermal states of the materials [79]. Furthermore, air conditioning of buildings, vehicular traffic and the quality of material for the covering of land surfaces contribute to heating, although the scarcity of green areas and low ventilation diminish the effectiveness of the natural systems for mitigation during these extreme events [37,42]. This hints at negative effects of climate change that can be worsened in urban zones and reduced along the urban gradient [89].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multi-scalar mitigation strategies at both national, regional and local scale are essential to manage with climate changes in metropolitan regions through explicit measures to adapt to climate change [92,93]. Policies for mitigation and adaptation to climate changes should improve sustainable strategies aimed at the most effective use of natural resources close to areas with high human pressure [37,42,46,[94][95][96]. Approaches based on long-term climate forecasts and integrated with local-scale analysis of spatial variability in climate trends provide meaningful information to scenario investigation for future stability of peri-urban natural and agricultural environments in the Mediterranean basin [31,[97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In such contexts, strategies of mitigation and adaptation incorporated in town planning are specifically requested to consider the expected increase in urban heat stress [38,42,43]. However, identifying signals of climate change and increased variability in rainfall and temperature regimes needs improved tools investigating large data sets, possibly based on multidimensional procedures [44].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Time-Series Analysis of Climate Variability in Urban and Agricultural Sites (Rome, Italy)

Salvati¹,

Zambon

Pignatti³

et al. 2019

Agriculture

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Identifying early signals of climate change and latent patterns of meteorological variability requires tools analyzing time series data and multidimensional measures. By focusing on air temperature and precipitation, the present study compares local-scale climate regimes at two sites in Central Italy (urban Rome and a peri-urban cropland 10 km west of Rome), using descriptive and inferential statistics on both variables and a drought index (the Standardized Precipitation Index, hereafter SPI) recorded over the last 60 years (1958–2017). The present work assumes the importance of urban-rural gradients shaping local-scale climate regimes and spatial variability, with differential impacts on individual variables depending on territorial background and intrinsic biophysical characteristics. Considering together precipitations and minimum/maximum air temperature at month and year scale, the analysis developed here illustrates two coexisting climatic trends at distinctive spatial scales: A general trend toward warming—specifically influencing temperature regimes—and a more specific pattern evidencing changes in local-scale climate regime along the urban gradient, with a more subtle impact on both precipitations and temperatures. Empirical results indicate that climate variability increased over the study period, outlining the low predictability of dry spells typical of Mediterranean climate especially in the drier season (spring/summer). On average, absolute annual differences between the two sites amounted to 70 mm (more rainfall in the peri-urban site) and 0.9 °C (higher temperature in the urban site). A similar trend toward warming was observed for air temperature in both sites. No significant trends were observed for annual and seasonal rainfalls. SPI long-term trends indicate high variability in dry spells, with more frequent (and severe) drought episodes in urban Rome. Considering together trends in temperature and precipitation, the ‘urban heat’ effect was more evident, indicating a clearer trend toward climate aridity in urban Rome. These findings support the adoption of integrated strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation in both agricultural systems and relict natural ecosystems surrounding urban areas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Time-Series Analysis of Climate Variability in Urban and Agricultural Sites (Rome, Italy)

Salvati¹,

Zambon

Pignatti³

et al. 2019

Agriculture

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“…Strategies to reduce elevated urban temperatures largely focus on mitigating the UHI effect. These include (1) using cool pavements (light‐colored surfacing or permeable pavements); (2) relying on cool roofs (often categorized as “white”, “blue”, or “green” roof strategies to differentiate the approaches); (3) increasing vegetation abundance; and (4) reducing waste heat (Gartland 2008). Several recent studies have evaluated the effectiveness of different strategies under various climate‐change scenarios.…”

Section: Common Adaptation Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban climate and adaptation strategies

Larsen

2015

Frontiers in Ecol & Environ

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Urban planning scholars Neuman and Smith once wrote that, "Cities and infrastructure have always been mutually interdependent and coevolutionary. In fact, cities could not exist without infrastructure" (Neuman and Smith 2010). Today, urban climate, and specifically extreme heat, pose a threat to both urban residents and ecosystems. These new problems challenge us to redefine what constitutes infrastructure and necessary urban services. To be effective, heat mitigation strategies must coordinate infrastructure systems through comprehensive planning, with special attention being given to vulnerable populations. Establishing new forms of infrastructure also requires creative funding strategies to meet the costs of implementation, operation, and maintenance.

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“…One of the issues with the urban fabric is the fact that it covers what is underneath, limiting the iniltration of water. In some cities, hard surfaces can account for as much as 84% of the total surface [53]. Andersson et al ([54], p. 156) deine green infrastructure as "an interconnected network of multifunctional green-spaces that are strategically planned and managed to provide a range of ecological, social, and economic beneits."…”

Section: Societal Challenges To Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wicked Water Systems: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities

Tamara¹,

Krozer²

2018

Urban Agglomeration

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The contemporary urban water system is under extreme pressure due to growing demand, climate change, and social inequality. Conventional methods to mitigating extreme water events have proven to be insuicient to safeguard our growing urban centers. Unless the competing demands and pressures of the urban water system are addressed in holistic manners, we will soon lack of access to good-quality water, and extreme water events will increasingly afect our metropoles, with most severe consequences for communities already living in marginal conditions. This chapter takes as point of departure that the future urban waterscape is a wicked problem in which actions taken to mitigate the problems are often inadequate and temporary, even when they are the result of the public debate and shared concern. The current urban water system has reached a critical threshold, but how can innovative urban water design or planning solutions be implemented when there is so much at stake? The chapter will address the urban waterscape, its contemporary challenges and what we can expect in future climate conditions. Furthermore, we will discuss contemporary solutions as well as highlight the sociopolitical, economic, and ecological barriers to their implementation. To illustrate the challenges as well as the range of solutions, we will present the algal blooms in Lake Erie, USA, as a case study. We will end with an elaboration on how to innovate in the case of wicked problems.

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Heat Islands

Cited by 133 publications

References 0 publications

A Time-Series Analysis of Climate Variability in Urban and Agricultural Sites (Rome, Italy)

A Time-Series Analysis of Climate Variability in Urban and Agricultural Sites (Rome, Italy)

Urban climate and adaptation strategies

Wicked Water Systems: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities

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