2019
DOI: 10.3390/cells9010060
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Heat Shock Proteins: Agents of Cancer Development and Therapeutic Targets in Anti-Cancer Therapy

Abstract: Heat shock proteins (HSPs) constitute a large family of molecular chaperones classified by their molecular weights, and they include HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90. HSPs function in diverse physiological and protective processes to assist in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In particular, HSPs participate in protein folding and maturation processes under diverse stressors such as heat shock, hypoxia, and degradation. Notably, HSPs also play essential roles across cancers as they are implicated in a var… Show more

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Cited by 209 publications
(178 citation statements)
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References 218 publications
(296 reference statements)
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“…HSPA family members are major stress-inducing proteins that play various roles depending on their location. In addition to being potent neurodegeneration suppressors in schizophrenia and Alzheimer s disease [42,43], increased intracellular HSPA levels play key roles in recovering from stresses, such as radiotherapy [44]. In contrast, extracellular HSP70s are potent stimulators of the innate immune system and mediators of antitumor immunity [45].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…HSPA family members are major stress-inducing proteins that play various roles depending on their location. In addition to being potent neurodegeneration suppressors in schizophrenia and Alzheimer s disease [42,43], increased intracellular HSPA levels play key roles in recovering from stresses, such as radiotherapy [44]. In contrast, extracellular HSP70s are potent stimulators of the innate immune system and mediators of antitumor immunity [45].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Furthermore, other genes that are known to target cellular survival such as GADD45B, 44,45 EGR1 46,47 and HIP1R 48 were also identified with over-expression in the treated cells. Given the roles of heat shock proteins in the protection of cells against stress induced by hypoxia, drugs or other chemical agents, 49 the elevated expression of HSPA1A and HSPH1 is likely to be a defense mechanism of K562 cells against the cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs. Similarly, the treated cells also raised the expression of SLC30A1 that exports intracellular Zn ions out of cells to maintain Zn homeostasis.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…HSP90 is the most examined member of the HSP family due to its many functions in cancer development. This protein is often overexpressed and is associated with poor prognosis for multiple tumors, including cholangiocarcinoma, lung cancer, stomach and breast cancer, and glioblastoma [ 57 ]. Increased expression of HSP90 activates oncogenic protein kinases JAK2/STAT3, PI3K/AKT and MAPK that facilitates cancer cell progression cancer [ 58 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%