Heat Shock Proteins in Vector-pathogen Interactions: The Anaplasma phagocytophilum Model

Espinosa, Pedro J.; Alberdi, Pilar; Villar, Margarita; Cabezas‐Cruz, Alejandro; Fuente, José de la

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73377-7_15

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…). Among the three types of HSP70‐2, the protein showed the greatest identify with HSP70‐2A (Espinosa et al ., ). The gene was thus named HSPA2A .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cloning of four HSPA multigene family members in Haemaphysalis flava ticks

Liu

et al. 2019

Medical Vet Entomology

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The heat shock protein 70 (HSPA) family and their genes have been studied in ticks and are considered as possible antigen candidates for the development of anti-tick vaccines. However, knowledge about their members, structure and function in ticks is incomplete. Based on our transcriptomic data, the full length of four HSPA genes in Haemaphysalis flava (Acari: Ixodidae) was cloned via rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The open reading frame of HSPA2A, HSPA2B, HSPA5 and HSPA9 was 1920, 1911, 1983 and 2088 bp in length, respectively. Three family signatures and one localization motif were in the encoding proteins. HSPA2A and HSPA2B were predicted to be located at cytoplasm/nucleus, whereas HSPA5 and HSPA9 were at endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, respectively. In silico simulation demonstrated that those proteins had distinct numbers of -helixes, extended strands and coils, and different antigenic epitopes. Expression of HSPA5 and HSPA9 in the salivary gland was significantly higher in partially-engorged female adult ticks than the fully-engorged (P < 0.01) as shown by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our data indicated that H. flava ticks had at least four HSPA genes encoding proteins with different cellular locations, structures and expression profiles, suggesting their diverse roles in tick biology.

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“…). Among the three types of HSP70‐2, the protein showed the greatest identify with HSP70‐2A (Espinosa et al ., ). The gene was thus named HSPA2A .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cloning of four HSPA multigene family members in Haemaphysalis flava ticks

Liu

et al. 2019

Medical Vet Entomology

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“…Other tick molecules facilitating pathogen acquisition include Kunitz-type protease inhibitors, Bm86, subolesin, crt, and serum amyloid A [34]. However, when ticks are infected by a pathogen, they activate an immune or stress response to combat against pathogen infection including heat shock protein (HSP) [34][35][36]. HSP response might help to increase tick survival by protecting from stress and preventing desiccation at high temperatures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Haemaphysalis longicornis Genes Differentially Expressed in Response to Babesia microti Infection

et al. 2020

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Haemaphysalis longicornis is a tick and a vector of various pathogens, including the human pathogenetic Babesia microti. The objective of this study was to identify female H. longicornis genes differentially expressed in response to infection with B. microti Gray strain by using a suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) procedure. A total of 302 randomly selected clones were sequenced and analyzed in the forward subtracted SSH cDNA library related to Babesia infection, and 110 clones in the reverse cDNA library. Gene ontology assignments and sequence analyses of tick sequences in the forward cDNA library showed that 14 genes were related to response to stimulus or/and immune system process, and 7 genes had the higher number of standardized sequences per kilobase (SPK). Subsequent real-time PCR detection showed that eight genes including those encoding for Obg-like ATPase 1 (ola1), Calreticulin (crt), vitellogenin 1 (Vg1) and Vg2 were up-regulated in fed ticks. Compared to uninfected ticks, infected ticks had six up-regulated genes, including ola1, crt and Vg2. Functional analysis of up-regulated genes in fed or Babesia-infected ticks by RNA interference showed that knockdown of crt and Vg2 in infected ticks and knockdown of ola1 in uninfected ticks accelerated engorgement. In contrast, Vg1 knockdown in infected ticks had delayed engorgement. Knockdown of crt and Vg1 in infected ticks decreased engorged female weight. Vg2 knockdown reduced B. microti infection levels by 51% when compared with controls. The results reported here increase our understanding of roles of H. longicornis genes in blood feeding and B. microti infection.

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“…This can be explained by increased metabolic costs of the infection and related cellular stress, or activated immune response in the vector. For example, the regulatory role of RPL40 in stress response has been described in model organisms such as Drosophila fruit flies, or arginine kinase has been shown to contribute to the resistance of Bombyx mori to nucleopolyhedrovirus (Kang et al, 2011;Espinosa et al, 2017). Hence, the presence of these peptides does not appear to be unique to the tick infection with B. duttonii but the exact functions of functionally similar proteins in the tick-pathogen interactions remain to be elucidated.…”

Section: Feedingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple non-invasive method to collect soft tick saliva reveals differences in Ornithodoros moubata saliva composition between ticks infected and uninfected with Borrelia duttonii spirochetes

Filatov

Dyčka²,

Štěrba³

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Introduction: We developed a new simple method to assess the composition of proteinaceous components in the saliva of Ornithodoros moubata, the main vehicle for pathogen transmission and a likely source of bioactive molecules acting at the tick-vertebrate host interface. To collect naturally expectorated saliva from the ticks we employed an artificial membrane feeding technique using a simple, chemically defined diet containing phagostimulants and submitted native saliva samples collected in this way for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. These experiments were conducted with groups of uninfected ticks as well as with O. moubata infected with B. duttonii. The ticks exhibited a fair feeding response to the tested diet with engorgement rates reaching as high as 60-100% of ticks per feeding chamber. The LC-MS analysis identified a total of 17 and 15 proteins in saliva samples from the uninfected and infected O. moubata nymphs, respectively. Importantly, the analysis was sensitive enough to detect up to 9 different proteins in the samples of saliva containing diet upon which as few as 6 nymphal ticks fed during the experiments. Some of the proteins recognized in the analysis are well known for their immunomodulatory activity in a vertebrate host, whereas others are primarily thought of as structural or “housekeeping” proteins and their finding in the naturally expectorated tick saliva confirms that they can be secreted and might serve some functions at the tick-host interface. Most notably, some of the proteins that have long been suspected for their importance in the vector-pathogen interactions of Borrelia spirochetes were detected only in the samples from infected ticks, suggesting that their expression was altered by the persistent colonization of the tick’s salivary glands by spirochetes. The simple method described herein is an important addition to the toolbox available to study the vector-host-pathogen interactions in the rapidly feeding soft ticks.

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Heat Shock Proteins in Vector-pathogen Interactions: The Anaplasma phagocytophilum Model

Cited by 5 publications

References 69 publications

Cloning of four HSPA multigene family members in Haemaphysalis flava ticks

Cloning of four HSPA multigene family members in Haemaphysalis flava ticks

Identification of Haemaphysalis longicornis Genes Differentially Expressed in Response to Babesia microti Infection

A simple non-invasive method to collect soft tick saliva reveals differences in Ornithodoros moubata saliva composition between ticks infected and uninfected with Borrelia duttonii spirochetes

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