“…By increasing the inclination angle (α) from 15 to 25 at Re = 12,000 with the same diameter ratio (d/b = 0.25), the thermal performance is increased by approximately 17.6 percent. Doubleperforated inclined elliptic (DPIE) ortex generators with d/ b = 0.25 and = 25 achieve the highest thermal performance parameter (η) of 1.849 at Re = 16,000.They have several advantages over active methods, including relative simplicity, lower manufacturing costs, and lower maintenance and repair costs (Gokulnathan, 2021;Wu, 2011;Liang et al, 2020).In passive techniques, increasing flow turbulence is the key to improving heat transfer, while pressure drop or friction factor is typically kept as low as possible. The most commonly used turbulators to improve thermal efficiency are baffles, ribs, winglets, perforated turbulators, louvered strips, inclined elliptical strips, twisted tapes , and different helical inserts, rectangular turbulators (Mahani, 2021), ring inserts, and springs (Kareem, 2015;Liu, 2013).…”