Heat Transfer Visualization of the Application of a Cooling Pipe in Sand with Flowing Pore Water

Experimental Investigation on Effects of Water Flow to Freezing Sand around Vertically Buried Freezing Pipe

“…Surface thermal measurement was affected by the room temperature change, whereas the temperature inside the specimen was more independent. The difference between the inner and surface temperatures occurred as expected, and was confirmed by numerical simulation reported in previous research (Sudisman et al 2016). In both tests, the inside temperature (T c ) and minimum surface temperature (T g min ) of the specimens decreased rapidly immediately after the coolant was circulated.…”

“…They focused on the temperature change during freezing that was measured by using multiple thermocouple sensors, which only provide temperature data at several designated points and do not give comprehensive thermal distribution. The use of infrared thermography of thermal distribution measurement provides better visualization of thermal distribution (Sudisman et al 2016). However, that study was mainly conducted under cooling (positive temperature) conditions.…”

“…However, a narrow box also increases the possibility of the increment of the water flow velocity, which affects the freezing process. The procedure of this freezing experiment was substantially adopted from Sudisman et al (2016), with some modifications to the arrangement of the sand specimen, freezing temperature, and thermal measurement devices. In general, the arrangement of the sand specimen was divided into two types: a single-layer sand specimen and a multilayer sand specimen.…”

Experimental Study on Temperature Field Evolution Mechanism of Artificially Frozen Gravel Formation under Groundwater Seepage Flow

“…In contrast to the problem of frost heave and subsequent thaw-induced settlement in fine grained soil, the coupling problem of groundwater seepage flow and heat flow is more concerned in coarse-grained soil [8]. Engineering practices have shown that the groundwater seepage flow must be considered in the formations with high permeability because neglecting the groundwater seepage flow when planning the AGF process often leads to serious challenges in frozen wall merging and even disrupts the working schedule [4,[9][10][11].…”

“…e problem of AGF method applied in coarse-grained soils has attracted increased attention. Scholars have studied the effect of groundwater seepage flow on frozen walls by conducting physical modelling tests, numerical simulations, and theoretical analyses [8,10,12,13]. With the assistance of a large-scale physical model, Pimentel et al [8] investigated the effect of seepage flow velocity on the frozen wall merging and thickness in a medium-coarse sand formation and provided an analytical solution to the frozen wall merging.…”