“…Therefore, an auxiliary ion heating system for HELIX has been constructed using an extremely low frequency (ELF), 10 kHz < f < 100 kHz, generator, and various antennas. Since the beginnings of plasma physics, ion heating systems have been developed for both fusion and small-scale laboratory experiments, e.g., tokamaks [4], mirror machines [5], stellarators [6], and Q-machines [7,8]. Although ion heating through collisions with heated electrons [9] or neutral beams [10] has been used, a wave-particle resonance is typically exploited to directly heat the ions.…”