Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Exhaust Aerosol Particle and Ion Measurements

Lähde, Tero; Rönkkö, Topi; Virtanen, Annele; Schuck, Tanja; Pirjola, Liisa; Hämeri, Kaarle; Kulmala, Markku; Arnold, Frank; Rothe, Dieter; Keskinen, Jorma

doi:10.1021/es801690h

Cited by 69 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…They were the first to suggest that all of the nucleation-mode particles were formed on a nonvolatile core in the case of no exhaust aftertreatment. Recently, Lähde et al 35 measured the charge level of the nucleation-mode particles. When the nonvolatile core is detected in the nucleation mode, the nucleation-mode particles are clearly charged and the charge level of the particles indicates that the particles are formed in high temperature conditions.…”

Section: Particle Size Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Open Channel Filter on Particle Emissions of Modern Diesel Engine

Heikkilä

Rönkkö

Lähde

et al. 2009

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Particle emissions of modern diesel engines are of a particular interest because of their negative health effects. The special interest is in nanosized solid particles. The effect of an open channel filter on particle emissions of a modern heavy-duty diesel engine (MAN D2066 LF31, model year 2006) was studied. Here, the authors show that the open channel filter made from metal screen efficiently reduced the number of the smallest particles and, notably, the number and mass concentration of soot particles. The filter used in this study reached 78% particle mass reduction over the European Steady Cycle. Considering the size-segregated number concentration reduction, the collection efficiency was over 95% for particles smaller than 10 nm. The diffusion is the dominant collection mechanism in small particle sizes, thus the collection efficiency decreased as particle size increased, attaining 50% at 100 nm. The overall particle number reduction was 66 -99%, and for accumulation-mode particles the number concentration reduction was 62-69%, both depending on the engine load.

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Section: Particle Size Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Open Channel Filter on Particle Emissions of Modern Diesel Engine

Heikkilä

Rönkkö

Lähde

et al. 2009

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…Owing to their small size and complicated chemical and physical characteristics (3)(4)(5)(6), atmospheric particles resulting from traffic emissions pose a significant risk to human health (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12), and also contribute to anthropogenic forcing of climate (13,14). Previous research on vehicular emissions has demonstrated the presence of soot and ash (3,15) and solid sub-10-nm core particles (4)(5)(6) in primary emissions from vehicles and engines and their variation, depending on vehicle technologies (4,6), the properties of fuels and lubricant oils (15,16), and driving conditions (15)(16)(17). In addition to particles, exhaust typically contains species that reside in the gaseous phase in the undiluted high-temperature exhaust (5,18,19) but condense or even nucleate to the particle phase immediately after the exhaust is released to the atmosphere.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Traffic is a major source of atmospheric nanocluster aerosol

Rönkkö

Kuuluvainen

Karjalainen

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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209

132

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In densely populated areas, traffic is a significant source of atmospheric aerosol particles. Owing to their small size and complicated chemical and physical characteristics, atmospheric particles resulting from traffic emissions pose a significant risk to human health and also contribute to anthropogenic forcing of climate. Previous research has established that vehicles directly emit primary aerosol particles and also contribute to secondary aerosol particle formation by emitting aerosol precursors. Here, we extend the urban atmospheric aerosol characterization to cover nanocluster aerosol (NCA) particles and show that a major fraction of particles emitted by road transportation are in a previously unmeasured size range of 1.3-3.0 nm. For instance, in a semiurban roadside environment, the NCA represented 20-54% of the total particle concentration in ambient air. The observed NCA concentrations varied significantly depending on the traffic rate and wind direction. The emission factors of NCA for traffic were 2.4·10 15 (kg fuel ) −1 in a roadside environment, 2.6·10 15 (kg fuel ) −1 in a street canyon, and 2.9·10 15 (kg fuel ) −1 in an on-road study throughout Europe. Interestingly, these emissions were not associated with all vehicles. In engine laboratory experiments, the emission factor of exhaust NCA varied from a relatively low value of 1.6·10 12 (kg fuel ) −1 to a high value of 4.3·10 15 (kg fuel ) −1 . These NCA emissions directly affect particle concentrations and human exposure to nanosized aerosol in urban areas, and potentially may act as nanosized condensation nuclei for the condensation of atmospheric low-volatile organic compounds.nanocluster aerosol | atmospheric aerosol | combustion-derived nanoparticles | air pollution | traffic emission D etailed characterization of aerosol sources is required to understand climate impacts and health effects of atmospheric aerosols, as well as to develop technologies and policies capable of mitigating air pollution in urbanized areas. In densely populated areas, one of the most significant source of particles is traffic (1, 2). Owing to their small size and complicated chemical and physical characteristics (3-6), atmospheric particles resulting from traffic emissions pose a significant risk to human health (7-12), and also contribute to anthropogenic forcing of climate (13,14). Previous research on vehicular emissions has demonstrated the presence of soot and ash (3, 15) and solid sub-10-nm core particles (4-6) in primary emissions from vehicles and engines and their variation, depending on vehicle technologies (4, 6), the properties of fuels and lubricant oils (15, 16), and driving conditions (15-17). In addition to particles, exhaust typically contains species that reside in the gaseous phase in the undiluted high-temperature exhaust (5, 18, 19) but condense or even nucleate to the particle phase immediately after the exhaust is released to the atmosphere. Here, we term such aerosols delayed primary aerosols, because particle precursors exist already in the u...

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“…Solid particles in the sub-23-nm size range have been found in heavy-duty diesel vehicle exhaust under different load conditions (Kittelson et al 2006;Herner et al 2007;Rönkkö et al 2007;Filippo and Maricq 2008;Lähde et al 2009;Lähde et al 2010). These findings raise questions as to whether excluding the sub-23-nm particles is appropriate or necessary.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nature of Sub-23-nm Particles Downstream of the European Particle Measurement Programme (PMP)-Compliant System: A Real-Time Data Perspective

Zheng

Durbin

Karavalakis

et al. 2012

Aerosol Science and Technology

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This study provides an evaluation of the nature of sub-23-nm particles downstream of the European Particulate Measurement Programme (PMP) methodology, with prescribed cycles and on-road flow-of-traffic driving conditions. Particle number concentrations and size distributions were measured using two PMP measurement systems running simultaneously. For this analysis, the focus is on the real-time results from multiple instruments. The results revealed that a significant fraction of particles downstream of both PMP systems for all tested cycles were below 11 nm. The fraction of sub-11-nm particles observed downstream of the PMP system decreased when the overall dilution ratio of one PMP system was increased from 300 to 1500, suggesting those sub-11-nm particles were formed through re-nucleation of semivolatile precursors. When the evaporation tube temperature was increased from 300• C to 500 • C, no difference in particle number concen- Address correspondence to Heejung S. Jung, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, A357 Bourns Hall, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. E-mail: heejung@engr.ucr.edu trations was observed, suggesting that incomplete evaporation of semivolatile particles did not contribute to those sub-11-nm particles. Particle emissions were about one order of magnitude higher during flow-of-traffic driving along a highway with a steep grade than during the prescribed driving cycles. During the same flowof-traffic condition, a sudden jump in PMP operationally defined solid particle concentration was observed, while the accumulation mode particle concentrations in the constant volume sampling (CVS) tunnel measured by an engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS) only showed a slight increase. This discrepancy was attributed to the extensive growth of the re-nucleated particles downstream of the PMP systems.

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Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Exhaust Aerosol Particle and Ion Measurements

Cited by 69 publications

References 30 publications

Effect of Open Channel Filter on Particle Emissions of Modern Diesel Engine

Effect of Open Channel Filter on Particle Emissions of Modern Diesel Engine

Traffic is a major source of atmospheric nanocluster aerosol

Nature of Sub-23-nm Particles Downstream of the European Particle Measurement Programme (PMP)-Compliant System: A Real-Time Data Perspective

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