Heavy Metal Built-Up in Agricultural Soils of Pakistan: Sources, Ecological Consequences, and Possible Remediation Measures

Ali, Zeshan; Gul, Alvina; Malik, Riffat Naseem; Naz, Mehreen; Khan, Tayyaba; Hayat, Asim; Kazi, Abdul Momin

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14526-6_2

Cited by 20 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…According to a study by Hassan et al (2022), the textile wastewater was also found with differentiated A high pH of wastewater increases the pH and alkalinity of irrigated soil which potentially tends to the availability of heavy metals in the soil and contaminate the food chain and vice versa. Such an affected food chain poses health risks to subsequent consumers (Ali et al, 2015a;Mwamba et al, 2020;Waheed et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amassing of heavy metals in soils, vegetables and crop plants irrigated with wastewater: Health risk assessment of heavy metals in Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan

et al. 2023

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Human health is the main concern related to use of crop products irrigated with contaminated irrigation sources. Present research has been conducted to explore heavy metal status of sewage and industrial wastewater being used up for irrigation purpose in the peri-urban areas of the district Dera Ghazi Khan which has not been explored widely before. The analysis also followed heavy metal detection in the subsequent irrigated soil and vegetables/crop plants in relation to assessment of health risk to the consumer to plan the future monitoring in this area. An unremitting boost of heavy metals into the environment from wastewater irrigation has become a global issue. These heavy metals enter the food chain and pose health assumptions to consumers upon utilization. In the present study, an investigation has been conducted to determine metal concentrations in the wastewater, soil, and different plant species. For wastewater samples, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and selected heavy metals such as Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, and Ni were determined. The mean values of heavy metals in the soil samples were within the WHO/FAO safe limit, while Cr and Pb were the most frequent (100%) among the metals. However, differentiating the sites, the concentration of Cr and Cu, Ni, and Fe were elevated. The metal transfer was highly effective from soil to the growing plants i.e. brinjal, red corn, wheat, tomato, and spinach than other plant species. Among the metals, Cr, Ni, Mn, and Pb in plant samples were exceeding the WHO/FAO safe limit. Health risk index (HRI) have revealed the possible potential risk of heavy metal contaminated plant species in the order of spinach (6.4) > wheat (6.4) > brinjal (5.9) > tomato (4.7) > red corn (4.5) > apple gourd (4.3) > white corn (3.8) > cabbage (3.1) > luffa (2.9). Likewise, HRI of different metals was calculated as Cu (19.6) > Zn (17.9) > Cr (2.95) > Ni (0.85) > Mn (0.48) > Fe (0.15) > Cd (0.11) > Pb (0.05) > As (0.00001). The level of HRI through the use of dietary plants revealed an elevated risk level than the acceptable limit (HRI > 1) for Cu > Zn > Cr in adults. Our findings suggest that there would be a serious health risk to the consumers due to the consumption of these plant species being irrigated with the wastewater. Therefore, a strict regulatory mechanism is proposed for the safety of food plants in the study area including monitoring and recycling of crop plants, and building water treatment plants to remove pollutants and clean wastewater.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amassing of heavy metals in soils, vegetables and crop plants irrigated with wastewater: Health risk assessment of heavy metals in Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan

et al. 2023

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“…Mycoremediation is a technique in which mycorrhizal fungi are used to ameliorate the soil from pollution (Ali et al 2015c ). Mycoremediation is considered to be one of the most suited techniques for remediation of heavy metal-polluted soil.…”

Section: Mycoremediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Soil contamination due to heavy metals is of serious concern because heavy metals possess intense toxic effects (Ali et al 2015c ). Soil is polluted by metals which are largely produced from wastewater treatment plants, agricultural/industrial, activities and treated/untreated wastewater (Rahman et al 2012 ).…”

Section: Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Pollution and Remediation

Imadi

Ali²,

Hasan

et al. 2016

Plant, Soil and Microbes

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“…In terrestrial environment, contamination by copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) is a major concern due to anthropogenic activities such as industrial waste, application of fertilizers, pesticides and sewage sludge in agricultural lands, waste water irrigation, atmospheric deposition and waste disposal (Wuana and Okieimen, 2011;Ali et al, 2015). Both metals are often found together in metal contaminated terrestrial areas (Wuana and Okieimen, 2011) and can be taken up by soil dwelling organisms via their food, water or dermal contact (Peijnenburg et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant enzymes as biomarkers of Cu and Pb exposure in the ground spiders Lycosa terrestris and Pardosa birmanica

Aziz

Butt

Elsheikha

2020

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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Heavy metal exposure promotes oxidative stress in terrestrial organisms, which they counteract via activation of antioxidant biomarkers. The present study investigated the effects of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and antioxidant enzymes such as Catalase (CAT), Glutathione reductase (GR), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in two spider species, namely Lycosa terrestris and Pardosa birmanica. The spiders were exposed to Cu and Pb separately (10 ppm) or in combination (10 ppm each) via different exposure routes (i.e. food and soil) for 10, 20 and 40 days. The results showed that metal accumulation and antioxidant biomarker responses in spiders were metal-and speciesspecific, and depended on the exposure route of the metals. The level of all antioxidant biomarkers increased significantly with increasing exposure time and metal load in the bodies of spiders via both uptake routes. The significant inhibition of TAC and enzyme activities was only observed in single Pb treatment through soil exposure. In L. terrestris, the activities of detoxification enzymes and TAC were significantly enhanced on single Cu exposure than Pb via both exposure routes. However, in P. birmanica consistent variation among antioxidant parameters were observed depending on the metal load and exposure routes. The combined metal exposure caused more pronounced increase in the level of antioxidants compared to single metal exposure in both species mainly via food exposure. These results suggest that the antioxidant enzymes and TAC are sensitive to single and combined metal exposure via both uptake routes. Furthermore, the antioxidant parameters can be used potential biomarkers of oxidative stress induced by metal exposure and for monitoring environmental health using spiders as bioindicators.

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Heavy Metal Built-Up in Agricultural Soils of Pakistan: Sources, Ecological Consequences, and Possible Remediation Measures

Cited by 20 publications

References 44 publications

Amassing of heavy metals in soils, vegetables and crop plants irrigated with wastewater: Health risk assessment of heavy metals in Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan

Amassing of heavy metals in soils, vegetables and crop plants irrigated with wastewater: Health risk assessment of heavy metals in Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan

Soil Pollution and Remediation

Antioxidant enzymes as biomarkers of Cu and Pb exposure in the ground spiders Lycosa terrestris and Pardosa birmanica

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