Heavy Metals Affect Yield, Essential Oil Compound, and Rhizosphere Microflora of Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioidesLinn. nash) Grass

Abstract

The effects of heavy metals [chromoium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni)] on the yield, khusimol content in the essential oil, accumulation of metals, and rhizosphere microflora of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanoides) were studied in a pot experiment. The shoot yield and khusimol content in oil of vetiver were enhanced by the application of moderate amount of metals to soils. The application of Cr, Pb, and Ni had deleterious effects on the root and essential oil yield. The application of high levels of metals to soil had harmful effects on the bacterial and fungal counts in the rhizosphere. The concentrations of metals such as Cr, Cd, Pb, and Ni in shoot and root tissues were significantly enhanced by the application of those metals to soils. It can be concluded that the vetiver could be used as a promising crop for revegetation, soil remediation, and production of better quality essential oil in metal-contaminated soils.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Clary Sage and Coriander Essential Oils Produced on Polluted and Amended Soils-Phytomanagement Approach

“…In this study, the soil pollution by TE did not significantly alter EO composition. This result is not in agreement with some previous studies, which showed that the presence of TE in soil, among other environmental conditions, was susceptible to affecting EO composition and quality [ 22 , 24 ]. Notably, it was suggested that the stress induced by the presence of TE resulted in a modification of the secondary metabolism [ 24 , 49 , 50 , 51 ].…”

“…This result is not in agreement with some previous studies, which showed that the presence of TE in soil, among other environmental conditions, was susceptible to affecting EO composition and quality [ 22 , 24 ]. Notably, it was suggested that the stress induced by the presence of TE resulted in a modification of the secondary metabolism [ 24 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. This could either lead to an inactivation of enzymes involved in the EO biosynthesis pathways, in the case of Mentha arvensis L., Mentha piperita L. and Vetiveria zizanioides Linn.…”

“…It should be noted that EO composition could strongly be influenced, among other environmental factors, by soil characteristics, including the presence of pollutants [ 17 , 21 ]. It was in particular suggested that the presence of TE in soil resulted in modified EO yield, composition, and quality [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Likewise, the establishment of the mycorrhizal symbiosis has been reported as a variation factor for the EO composition and amount [ 25 , 26 ].…”

Effects of Different Soil Amendments on Mixed Heavy Metals Contamination in Vetiver Grass

“…Recent studies by Chen et al (2012), Prasad et al (2014) and Singh et al (2015) have solely focused on the phytoassessment of a single metal accumulation. However, there Abstract Three different types of low cost soil amendments, namely, EDTA, elemental S and N-fertilizer, were investigated with Vetiver grass, Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn.)…”

Phytomanagement of Metal(loid)-Contaminated Soils: Options, Efficiency and Value

“…Vetiver is tolerant to Pb (Danh et al, 2012;Pidatala et al, 2016;Bahraminia et al, 2016), Cu and Zn (Hego et al, 2009;Vargas et al, 2016), B (Angin et al, 2008), Cr (Shahandeh and Hossner, 2000;Danh et al, 2012), Al (Truong, 1999;Danh et al, 2009), Ni (Prasad et al, 2014), Fe (Banerjee et al, 2016(Banerjee et al, , 2019, As (Datta et al, 2011), Cd (Ondo Zue Abaga et al, 2014, and Hg (Danh et al, 2009;Lomonte et al, 2014). TE are usually accumulated in vetiver roots (Phusantisampan et al, 2016), although some ecotypes show higher concentrations in shoots (e.g., Zn in the Ratchaburi ecotype) (Roongtanakiat and Sanoh, 2011), depending on site conditions and time.…”