“…1 Among these dyes, azo dyes (R 0 -N]N-R 00 ) constitute the dominant group, representing approximately 70% of the total colorants. 2,3 Synthetic dyes are used in various industrial sectors, including textiles, pharmaceuticals, printing, paper, food, leather, and laboratories, as indicators and stains for biological specimens. [4][5][6] The extensive use of synthetic dyes is consistent with the ease of water contamination.…”