Hemagglutinins in the mucus of pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii

Spitzer, Robert H.; Downing, Stephen W.; Koch, Elizabeth A.; Kaplan, Morris A.

doi:10.1016/0305-0491(76)90266-2

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Other researchers have found that mucus from uninfected rainbow trout exhibited anti-Vibrio anguillarum activi.ty and suggested that external and gut mucus may represent a first line of defense due to the presence of antimicrobial activity (Harrell et al 1976). Lysozyrne (Fletcher & Grant 1968, Fletcher & White 1973 and natural agglutinins and lysins (Spitzer et al 1976) are also present in the skin mucus of fish. Furthermore, the ability of fish to alter the amount of mucus secreted in response to stressors is thought to influence the level of initial resista.nce to invasion by microorganisms (Pickering 1976, Pickel-ing & Macey 1977.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of mucosal immunity in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss challenged with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus:identification of antiviral activity

Cain¹,

LaPatra²,

Baldwin³

et al. 1996

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Cutaneous and lower gastromtestinal (GI) tract mucus of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mylclss were evaluated for inlmunological responses followvlg exposure to infectious hematopoietic necrosis w u s (IHNV) Juvenlle rainbow trout (mean weight 5 4 g) were infected w~t h IHNV (isolate 220-90) by waterborne exposure to 104 plaque formmg u n~t s (pfu) m1 ' or by a n inlection challenge of 104 pfu fish-' Cutaneous mucus and lower G1 tract washings were analyzed for vuus neutrahzing achvity (antiviral achvlty) usmg a complement-dependent neutrahzation procedure Antivual achvlty was pnrnanly detected in the G1 tract and was highest in mock mfected fish (not exposedrto w u s ) T h s activity decreased rapidly over time in fish challenged by the injection route Specific antibodes were not detected in cutaneous mucus or G1 tract washings by ELISA Virus was isolated in external and G1 tract mucus from both waterborne and injection challenged fish, and showed significantly h g h e r hters in fish challenged by the inlection route Histological exarmnation of fish exposed to IHNV showed a moderate inflammatory response in the mucosal ep~thehal layer of the skin ulth mmor focal areas of cellular necrosis in severely infected fish When the study was repeated m addltion to cutaneous mucus and G1 tract washings, serum was monitored for antibody production m juvenlle ralnbow trout (mean weight 2 4 g ) out to 28 days post-exposure (dpe) Anlviral activity was confirmed m the G1 mucus, and virus neutrahzing antibodies were detected in the serum at 21 and 28 dpe in IHNV challenged fish Anhbodies in slun and G1 mucus were not detected by ELISA Virus antigen was vlsuahzed by unrnunoh~stochemistry in the ludney spleen hver heart pancreatic tissue and smooth muscle of the stomach wall Results from these expenments reveal innate mechamsms of viral resistance w h c h may be unportant as a first line of defense against IHNV

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of mucosal immunity in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss challenged with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus:identification of antiviral activity

Cain¹,

LaPatra²,

Baldwin³

et al. 1996

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Purification of Hagfish Gland Thread Protein : Adult Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutr), 25-40 cm in length (Pacific Bio-Marine Laboratories Inc., Venice, CA), were kept in 30-gal refrigerated aquaria under conditions described earlier (3,4) . The fish were anesthetized and prepared for electrostimulation as before (3,4,6) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inc., Venice, CA), were kept in 30-gal refrigerated aquaria under conditions described earlier (3,4) . The fish were anesthetized and prepared for electrostimulation as before (3,4,6) .…”

Section: In Length (Pacific Bio-marine Laboratoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hagfishes are very primitive vertebrates, as judged by numerous morphological and physiological criteria (1), and have a notable ability to secrete large quantities ofmucus (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7). The mucus-synthesizing capacity is attributable in part to three epidermal cell types which collectively approach 98% of total cells in middorsal-lateral regions of the integument (4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hagfish slime gland thread cells. II. Isolation and characterization of intermediate filament components associated with the thread.

Spitzer¹,

Downing²,

Koch³

et al. 1984

The Journal of Cell Biology

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The slime glands of hagfish have two major cell types, gland thread cells (GTCs) and gland mucous cells (GMCs), both of which upon contact with water contribute to the formation of an abundant quantity of viscous mucus. In previous studies we reported a method for the isolation of GTCs and showed that each ellipsoidal thread cell normally contains a single tapered thread which is uniquely coiled into a space-saving conformation and occupies most of the cell volume . Subsequently, the developing thread was found to consist mainly of intermediate filaments (IFs) aligned in parallel not only to one another but also to a far fewer number of interspersed microtubules (see accompanying paper). In the present report, urea extracts of GTCs were purified and characterized to establish the properties of thread components. One major (a) and two minor (ß, y) components prepared by anion exchange chromatography were shown to have similar apparent molecular weights of 63,500 ± 500 daltons but different isoelectric pH values (a, 7.56 ; ß, 5.67 ; y, 5.31). Although the amino acid content of a differed significantly from ß and y, each of the three was highest in Gly, relatively high in Glx, Ser, Thr, Asx, Ala, Val, and Leu, and relatively low in Cys/2 and Trp. The amino acid compositions of ß and y were very similar, and only ß showed evidence of carbohydrate . The threonine content of the a component was higher than has been reported for IFs of different origin, and the high content of hydroxyamino acids (18, 19 residues per 100) in a, ß, and ,y has been approached only by several IF polypeptides from human or bovine epidermal keratins. Mixtures of the purified components formed 9-11-nm filaments in vitro . The results indicate that the hagfish thread cell is a rich source of IFs, which have a structure that facilitates formation of macrofibrils within the cell .The hagfishes are very primitive vertebrates, as judged by numerous morphological and physiological criteria (1), and have a notable ability to secrete large quantities ofmucus (2-7). The mucus-synthesizing capacity is attributable in part to three epidermal cell types which collectively approach 98% of total cells in middorsal-lateral regions of the integument (4). The mass ofthe mucus, however, and most ofthe mucous proteins are products of the numerous epidermally derived slime glands located along both ventro-lateral regions of the integument (1,5,6). Exclusive of the surrounding capsular material, each gland mainly contains gland mucous cells 670 (GMCs)' and gland thread cells (GTCs), both of which when expelled through the pore of the gland rupture upon contact with water and quickly interact to form viscous mucus (5, 6). We have previously described (5, 6) the potential usefulness of the hagfish as an experimental model for studying the biology of mucus and we have reported a procedure for isolation ofintact GTCs and vesicles from GMCs. The mature 'Abbreviations used in this paper: DT-r, dithiothreitol; GMC, gland mucous cell; GTC, gland thread cell; IF,...

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“…Mucus is also a source of natural agglutinins and lysins. In the Pacific hagfish some of the mucous components, including a natural heat-sensitive haemagglutinin, were immunologically related to those found in the serum (Spitzer et al, 1976). A natural anti-sheep RBC agglutinin present in the gut mucus of the eels, Anguilla australis schmidtii and A .…”

Section: Mucusmentioning

confidence: 98%

Substances involved in the natural resistance of fish to infection–A review

Ingram

1980

Journal of Fish Biology

341

168

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Natural 'antibodies' are substances found in the blood of animals that have not been immunised against infective agents. However, exposure to these agents or to cross-reacting antigens may well have taken place. Fish contain naturally-occurring, relatively nonspecific, lectin-like proteins or glycoproteins, which are distinct from immunoglobulins, and which react with a wide variety ofantigens and may confer some degree of immunity against natural infection. In most cases the cause of the antigenic stimulus is not obvious although the formation of these 'antibodies' may have been brought about by exposure to various micro-organisms. Many of these antibody-like molecules behave in a similar manner to immune antibodies or immunoglobulins and cross-react with specific carbohydrate moieties on the cell walls of bacteria, erythrocytes and certain other cellular antigens, due to the presence of similar antigenic determinants.It is difficult to ascribe an appropriatc dcfinition to the term 'natural antibody'. In fish, thesc 'antibodies' have been so designated on the basis of functional rather than structural criteria. Such naturally-occurring, low grade, antibody-like ' immune ' substances include 'acute phase' proteins, lysozyme and chitinase, interferon, agglutinins, lysins, complement and properdin, precipitins, and non-immunoglobulin, lectin-like molecules. In addition to the above non-immunoglobulin materials, natural immunoglobulins identifiable as IgM have also been reported in fish. Furthermore, mucus contains many biochemical agents capable of reaction against infective organisms and thus providing the host with an immediate or a first line of defence mechanism.This review compiles some of the relevant information in the literature concerned with natural 'immune' substances, present in the serum and mucus of fish, involved in protection against pathogens. Wherever possible the basic physicochemical properties of these substances are indicated and their potential immunobiological functions discussed.

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Hemagglutinins in the mucus of pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

Characterization of mucosal immunity in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss challenged with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus:identification of antiviral activity

Characterization of mucosal immunity in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss challenged with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus:identification of antiviral activity

Hagfish slime gland thread cells. II. Isolation and characterization of intermediate filament components associated with the thread.

Substances involved in the natural resistance of fish to infection–A review

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