Hemodynamic response patterns: Responder type differences in reactivity and recovery

Abstract

We examined whether responder type groups reflecting patterns of hemodynamic reactivity might also differ in recovery responses. Cardiac output (CO), total peripheral resistance (TPR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and Heather index were assessed at rest and during speech and cold pressor tasks in young adults. Participants (n = 152) were classified as myocardial, vascular, or mixed-mild responders based on CO and TPR responses to speech presentation. Vascular responders exhibited slower CO and TPR speech recovery than the myocardial and/or mixed-mild groups. Responder type differences in reactivity showed limited task-generalizability. The sustained vascular response pattern of the vascular group is consistent with that seen in hypertension. In light of associations of heightened TPR with markers of disease risk, this suggests potentially negative health implications for vascular responders.

Applying Latent Growth Curve Modeling to the Investigation of Individual Differences in Cardiovascular Recovery From Stress

“…That is, impaired and delayed cardiovascular recovery may lead to long-term adjustments to elevated BP. A number of individual difference factors have been related to recovery (21), including gender (22), race (23), responder type (24), and hostility (25)(26)(27)(28). Nevertheless, cardiovascular recovery is vastly understudied relative to the study of cardiovascular reactivity (29).…”

A tale of two mechanisms: A meta‐analytic approach toward understanding the autonomic basis of cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychological stress

“…Consequently, any single HR or BP stress reaction could be caused by a number of physiological mechanisms. Given that hypertension is a vascular pathology linked with enhanced sympathetic activity, it is possible that a stress response driven by sympathetic activation or enhanced vascular reactivity could carry disproportionate risk for hypertension (Kline et al., ). Further, research has shown that individual response patterns remain relatively stable across stressors, lending more support to the notion that individual response stereotypy can potentially have pathogenic consequences (Hassellund, Flaa, Sandvik, Kjeldsen, & Rostrup, ; Hawkley et al., ; Kasprowicz, Manuck, Malkoff, & Krantz, ; Kline et al., ; Sherwood, Dolan, & Light, ; Sherwood, Turner, Light, & Blumenthal, ).…”

“…Given that hypertension is a vascular pathology linked with enhanced sympathetic activity, it is possible that a stress response driven by sympathetic activation or enhanced vascular reactivity could carry disproportionate risk for hypertension (Kline et al., ). Further, research has shown that individual response patterns remain relatively stable across stressors, lending more support to the notion that individual response stereotypy can potentially have pathogenic consequences (Hassellund, Flaa, Sandvik, Kjeldsen, & Rostrup, ; Hawkley et al., ; Kasprowicz, Manuck, Malkoff, & Krantz, ; Kline et al., ; Sherwood, Dolan, & Light, ; Sherwood, Turner, Light, & Blumenthal, ). Third, if extreme cardiovascular reactivity is conceptualized as a biomarker of underlying pathology, then exploration of the physiological mechanisms responsible for the cardiovascular stress responses could inform research focused on the negative health outcomes associated with such reactions (Chida & Steptoe, , ; Lane, Waldstein, Chesney et al., ; Lane, Waldstein, Critchley et al., ).…”

Riding the Plane Wave: Considerations for In Vivo Study Designs Employing High Frame Rate Ultrasound

“…High temporal and spatial sensitivity of complex blood flow patterns may offer a unique view of traditional cardiovascular techniques that have otherwise been well established in the field. For example, the cold pressor test (CPT) is a well-documented assessment of neurovascular reactivity [79,80], which has a history of central and peripheral responder sub-types [81], and documented effects on intraand extra-cranial blood flow [82,83]. The CPT is highlighted by its simple protocol: submersion of either the hand or foot into an ice bath (~2-4 • C) for a duration of~2 min.…”