Hemolymphatic System

Mikota, Susan K.

doi:10.1002/9780470344484.ch25

Cited by 19 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The majority of measurands included in our panel have also been studied in the Asian elephant: total protein or protein fractions tend to be included in different studies as well as selected enzymes, while magnesium and GGT have not been widely investigated ( 16 , 17 , 39 ). Veterinarians with clinical experience of these species advise the inclusion of fibrinogen, creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase and electrolytes (Na, K, Cl) in clinical chemistry panels for elephants, in addition to the current study measurands ( 44 ). However, these were not included in our study due to the set profile of the VetScan VS2 rotor system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other animal species, stress during capture can lead to an increase in PCV and HGB via catecholamine release and contraction of the spleen ( 52 ). In the adult African elephant, the spleen acts mostly as a filtering organ (rather than as a blood storage organ) as is the case in animals which flee if they encounter enemies or hazards, like equids with a splenic capsule with muscle tissue ( 44 ). The elephant's splenic capsule consists of connective tissue, therefore a contraction as stress response seems unlikely ( 44 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reference Intervals for Hematology and Clinical Chemistry for the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana)

et al. 2021

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The African elephant (Loxodonta africana) is listed as vulnerable, with wild populations threatened by habitat loss and poaching. Clinical pathology is used to detect and monitor disease and injury, however existing reference interval (RI) studies for this species have been performed with outdated analytical methods, small sample sizes or using only managed animals. The aim of this study was to generate hematology and clinical chemistry RIs, using samples from the free-ranging elephant population in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Hematology RIs were derived from EDTA whole blood samples automatically analyzed (n = 23); manual PCV measured from 48 samples; and differential cell count results (n = 51) were included. Clinical chemistry RIs were generated from the results of automated analyzers on stored serum samples (n = 50). Reference intervals were generated according to American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines with a strict exclusion of outliers. Hematology RIs were: PCV 34–49%, RBC 2.80–3.96 × 1012/L, HGB 116–163 g/L, MCV 112–134 fL, MCH 35.5–45.2 pg, MCHC 314–364 g/L, PLT 182–386 × 109/L, WBC 7.5–15.2 × 109/L, segmented heterophils 1.5–4.0 × 109/L, band heterophils 0.0–0.2 × 109/L, total monocytes 3.6–7.6 × 109/L (means for “regular” were 35.2%, bilobed 8.6%, round 3.9% of total leukocytes), lymphocytes 1.1–5.5 × 109/L, eosinophils 0.0–0.9 × 109/L, basophils 0.0–0.1 × 109/L. Clinical chemistry RIs were: albumin 41–55 g/L, ALP 30–122 U/L, AST 9–34 U/L, calcium 2.56–3.02 mmol/L, CK 85–322 U/L, GGT 7–16 U/L, globulin 30–59 g/L, magnesium 1.15–1.70 mmol/L, phosphorus 1.28–2.31 mmol/L, total protein 77–109 g/L, urea 1.2–4.6 mmol/L. Reference intervals were narrower than those reported in other studies. These RI will be helpful in the future management of injured or diseased elephants in national parks and zoological settings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference Intervals for Hematology and Clinical Chemistry for the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana)

et al. 2021

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“…Twelve to 15 ml of venous blood was collected using standard phlebotomy technique from a pinna vein of the 21 adult Asian elephants. 13 Blood was collected into Vacutainer a red-top glass 10-ml tubes containing no serum separator gel. After visible clotting occurred and within 1 hr of collection, the blood was centrifuged b (10 min; 2,479 × g ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum osmolality and effects of water deprivation in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)

Hall

Isaza²,

Hall³

et al. 2012

J VET Diagn Invest

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Serum from 21 healthy, captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) was evaluated by measured and calculated osmolality. Serum osmolality results for this population of Asian elephants had a median of 261 mOsm/kg and an interquartile interval of 258–269 mOsm/kg when measured by freezing point osmometry and a median of 264 mOsm/kg and an interquartile interval of 257–269 mOsm/kg when measured by vapor pressure osmometry. These values are significantly lower than values reported in other mammalian species and have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Calculated osmolality produced unreliable results and needs further study to determine an appropriate formula and its clinical application in this species. A 16-hr water deprivation test in 16 Asian elephants induced a small, subclinical, but statistically significant increase in measured serum osmolality. Serum osmolality, blood urea nitrogen, and total protein by refractometer were sensitive indicators of hydration status. Serum osmolality measurement by freezing point or vapor pressure osmometry is a useful adjunct to routine clinical tests in the diagnostic evaluation of elephants.

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“…Conversely, the serum BUN concentrations in calf A were higher than those in calves 3 and 4. An elevated serum BUN may be due to prerenal causes, such as increased protein catabolism caused by malnutrition [11]. These findings suggest that calf A was malnourished and needed more milk or food.…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The serum t-Cho concentration is an indicator of energy intake [11]. Calf A had low serum t-Cho concentrations throughout its life, suggesting insufficient energy intake.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropometric and blood data on a hand-reared captive Asian elephant (<i>Elephas maximus</i>) calf: A retrospective case report

Kitani¹,

Hatate

Onomi

et al. 2020

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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The anthropometric and blood data of an unsuccessfully hand-reared Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) calf were retrospectively compared with the data for calves raised by their real mothers or allomothers, to identify potential reasons for poor outcomes in the hand-reared case. The hand-reared calf grew normally in terms of body weight and withers height. However, blood biochemical data suggested reduced bone metabolism, low immune status, and malnutrition during its life. Blood bone markers were measured to determine whether a skeletal disorder was present in the Asian elephant calf, which was not clear from the anthropometric data. Monitoring these parameters in hand-reared Asian elephant calves, with the aim of keeping them within the normal range, may increase the success rate of hand-rearing of Asian elephant calves.

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Hemolymphatic System

Cited by 19 publications

References 42 publications

Reference Intervals for Hematology and Clinical Chemistry for the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana)

Reference Intervals for Hematology and Clinical Chemistry for the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana)

Serum osmolality and effects of water deprivation in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)

Anthropometric and blood data on a hand-reared captive Asian elephant (<i>Elephas maximus</i>) calf: A retrospective case report

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