Hepatic Glucose Production in Developing Chicken Embryo

Kilsheimer, Grace S.; Weber, David R.; Ashmore, James

doi:10.3181/00379727-104-25894

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Our findings correspond with the increase in glycolysis in muscle and liver during embryonic development [27]. Furthermore, gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis commonly increase during the second half of incubation [48], [49], [50], [51], indicating that total glucose metabolism is upregulated towards hatching.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

High Environmental Temperature Increases Glucose Requirement in the Developing Chicken Embryo

Molenaar¹,

Borne

Hazejager

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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Environmental conditions during the perinatal period influence metabolic and developmental processes in mammals and avian species, which could impact pre- and postnatal survival and development. The current study investigated the effect of eggshell temperature (EST) on glucose metabolism in broiler chicken embryos. Broiler eggs were incubated at a high (38.9°C) or normal (37.8°C) EST from day 10.5 of incubation onward and were injected with a bolus of [U-13C]glucose in the chorio-allantoic fluid at day 17.5 of incubation. After [U-13C]glucose administration, 13C enrichment was determined in intermediate pools and end-products of glucose metabolism. Oxidation of labeled glucose occurred for approximately 3 days after injection. Glucose oxidation was higher in the high than in the normal EST treatment from day 17.6 until 17.8 of incubation. The overall recovery of 13CO2 tended to be 4.7% higher in the high than in the normal EST treatment. An increase in EST (38.9°C vs 37.8°C) increased 13C enrichment in plasma lactate at day 17.8 of incubation and 13C in hepatic glycogen at day 18.8 of incubation. Furthermore, high compared to normal EST resulted in a lower yolk-free body mass at day 20.9 (−2.74 g) and 21.7 (−3.81 g) of incubation, a lower hepatic glycogen concentration at day 18.2 (−4.37 mg/g) and 18.8 (−4.59 mg/g) of incubation, and a higher plasma uric acid concentration (+2.8 mg/mL/+43%) at day 21.6 of incubation. These results indicate that the glucose oxidation pattern is relatively slow, but the intensity increased consistently with an increase in developmental stage of the embryo. High environmental temperatures in the perinatal period of chicken embryos increased glucose oxidation and decreased hepatic glycogen prior to the hatching process. This may limit glucose availability for successful hatching and could impact body development, probably by increased gluconeogenesis from glucogenic amino acids to allow anaerobic glycolysis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

High Environmental Temperature Increases Glucose Requirement in the Developing Chicken Embryo

Molenaar¹,

Borne

Hazejager

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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“…Shrago & Lardy (1966) and Walter, Paetkau & Lardy (1966) have suggested that this enzyme may be involved in the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate from dicarboxylic acids and amino acids in rat liver. Since gluconeogenesis is a very active process in embryonic chick liver (Kilsheimer, Weber & Ashmore, 1960;Wallace & Newsholme, 1967), a high activity of malate dehydrogenase might be expected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Citrate-cleavage enzyme, ‘malic’ enzyme and certain dehydrogenases in embryonic and growing chicks

Goodridge

1968

Biochemical Journal

134

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The activities of several enzymes possibly implicated in lipogenesis were measured in the soluble fraction of homogenates of liver and adipose tissue of embryonic and growing chicks. The activities of adipose-tissue enzymes showed little or no change. The activities of hepatic hexose monophosphate-shunt dehydrogenases, malate dehydrogenase, 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase and NAD-linked alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase also showed little or no change. Isocitrate dehydrogenase activity in liver rose to a peak on the day of hatching and fell to half the peak value during the next 12 days, where it remained to 26 days after hatching. The activities of ;malic' enzyme and citrate-cleavage enzyme showed very low stable values in embryonic liver and remarkable rises during the early part of the post-hatching period. An 85-fold increase in the activity of ;malic' enzyme activity was completed in 7 days and a 15-fold increase in that of citrate-cleavage enzyme in 5 days. The activities then attained were maintained up to 26 days after hatching. 2. The increases in the activities of hepatic citrate-cleavage enzyme and ;malic' enzyme occurred simultaneously with a marked increase in lipogenesis, suggesting a relationship of these enzymes to lipogenesis in chick liver. By contrast, activity of the hexose monophosphate-shunt dehydrogenases does not appear to be thus associated.

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“…In corporation of 14C-amino acids and 14CC>2 into glucose by liver slices from embryonic chicken is temporally associated with the ac tivity of the gluconeogenic enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, fructose 1,6-diphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase and PEPCK [6][7][8], Pre vious studies undertaken to determine the subcellular distribution of the two isozymes of PEPCK in the developing avian liver have, however, given divergent results. In one case [9] substantial amounts of only PEPCK-M activity were observed throughout embryonic development, whereas in another study a ra tio of mitochondrial to cytosolic enzyme ac tivity of approximately 70:30 was noted [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of the Genes for the Mitochondrial and Cytosolic Forms of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase in Avian Liver during Development

Savon

Hakimi

Hanson³

1993

Neonatology

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Gluconeogenesis in the chicken has unique features due in part to the presence of two isozymes of PEPCK, a cytosolic form, PEPCK-C, and a mitochondrial form, PEPCK-M, which have novel patterns of expression. Here we show that, in contrast to mammals, in which PEPCK-C is not present in liver until after birth, avian PEPCK-C is expressed throughout embryonic life with mRNA levels gradually decreasing as development proceeds and becoming negligible at time of hatching. In addition two distinct mRNAs for PEPCK-M are expressed during development with specific patterns that vary among individual birds. These differences are likely to be genetic, as hormonal treatment of a chicken hepatoma cell line indicates that whereas the mRNA levels for PEPCK-C are hormonally regulated, the expression of PEPCK-M mRNA is unresponsive.

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Hepatic Glucose Production in Developing Chicken Embryo

Cited by 21 publications

References 1 publication

High Environmental Temperature Increases Glucose Requirement in the Developing Chicken Embryo

High Environmental Temperature Increases Glucose Requirement in the Developing Chicken Embryo

Citrate-cleavage enzyme, ‘malic’ enzyme and certain dehydrogenases in embryonic and growing chicks

Expression of the Genes for the Mitochondrial and Cytosolic Forms of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase in Avian Liver during Development

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