Hepatitis A outbreak affecting men who have sex with men (MSM) in central Argentina, occurred in July 2017–April 2018, later than the European outbreak

Mariojoules, Jorge; Castro, Gonzalo; Pisano, María Belén; Fantilli, Anabella; Borda, Mariel; Canna, Fernando; Barbás, Gabriela; Ré, Viviana Elizabeth

doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2019.05.014

Cited by 23 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In recent years there have in Europe, 205 Asia, 114 Latin America 206 and North America 207 large HAV outbreaks among MSMs been reported, with epidemiological investigations showing transmission between countries and even continents. 205 , 206 These outbreaks can only be controlled by educative public health interventions and eventually achieving high vaccination coverage among MSM. 208 …”

Section: Emerging Issues and Areas For Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis A vaccination and its immunological and epidemiological long-term effects – a review of the evidence

Herzog

Herck

Damme

2020

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infections continue to represent a significant disease burden causing approximately 200 million infections, 30 million symptomatic illnesses and 30,000 deaths each year. Effective and safe hepatitis A vaccines have been available since the early 1990s. Initially developed for individual prophylaxis, HAV vaccines are now increasingly used to control hepatitis A in endemic areas. The human enteral HAV is eradicable in principle, however, HAV eradication is currently not being pursued. Inactivated HAV vaccines are safe and, after two doses, elicit seroprotection in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults for an estimated 30-40 years, if not lifelong, with no need for a later second booster. The long-term effects of the single-dose live-attenuated HAV vaccines are less well documented but available data suggest they are safe and provide long-lasting immunity and protection. A universal mass vaccination strategy (UMV) based on two doses of inactivated vaccine is commonly implemented in endemic countries and eliminates clinical hepatitis A disease in toddlers within a few years. Consequently, older age groups also benefit due to the herd protection effects. Single-dose UMV programs have shown promising outcomes but need to be monitored for many more years in order to document an effective immune memory persistence. In non-endemic countries, prevention efforts need to focus on 'new' risk groups, such as men having sex with men, prisoners, the homeless, and families visiting friends and relatives in endemic countries. This narrative review presents the current evidence regarding the immunological and epidemiological long-term effects of the hepatitis A vaccination and finally discusses emerging issues and areas for research.

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Section: Emerging Issues and Areas For Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis A vaccination and its immunological and epidemiological long-term effects – a review of the evidence

Herzog

Herck

Damme

2020

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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“…Although HAV epidemiology is complex, it is changing in those countries that are improving their public health and sanitation policies, considering that the most usual routes of HAV transmission are contaminated water ingestion and the contact with infected individuals[ 6 ]. Three circulation patterns have historically been described for HAV: (1) In high endemicity areas from low- and middle-income countries, where the incidence varies from low to high over time and between different regions, there is a peak age of infection in early childhood that is frequently asymptomatic, the transmission pattern is person-to-person, and outbreaks are uncommon due to high rates of immunity from previous childhood infection; (2) In moderate endemicity areas, from middle-income countries (regions where sanitary conditions are variable), the incidence is high, the peak age of infection is in late childhood/adolescence or in young adults that is frequently symptomatic, the transmission pattern is also from person-to-person, related to food and water, and therefore outbreaks are common due to low rates of immunity from previous childhood infection; and (3) In low endemicity areas from high income-countries, the incidence is low, the peak age of infection is in young adulthood, the transmission pattern is from person-to-person and also via food and water; and outbreaks are common due to low rates of immunity from previous childhood infection[ 3 ].…”

Section: Hepatitis a Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, despite pediatric immunization programs, many young adults may have been above the cut-off ages to be included when such social programs were introduced. Therefore, young adults are now becoming more susceptible to HAV infections, so in areas of low and middle-endemicity, the prevalence of symptomatic cases in this age group has increased[ 6 ]. In this sense, between the middle of 2016 and the beginning of 2018, several hepatitis A outbreaks were reported in Europe, the United States and South America, which disproportionately affected HAV unvaccinated young adult men, mainly men who have sex with men.…”

Section: Hepatitis a Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This group presents an increased risk of infection same as persons, regardless sex orientation, who have oral-anal sexual contact[ 4 ]. Interestingly, through phylogenetic analysis accompanied by detailed questionnaires to capture the sexual history of the patients, it was possible to establish epidemiological links between cases, demonstrating that the viruses responsible for these outbreaks belonged to HAV genotype IA and grouped with one of these strains: VRD_521_2016, RIVM-HAV16-090, and V16-25801[ 6 ]. This highlights the importance of carrying out a more detailed epidemiological record of cases, including sexual history, which will help to establish the source and chain of infection.…”

Section: Hepatitis a Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Viral hepatitis update: Progress and perspectives

Pisano¹,

Giadans²,

Flichman³

et al. 2021

WJG

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Viral hepatitis, secondary to infection with hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses, are a major public health problem and an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite the huge medical advances achieved in recent years, there are still points of conflict concerning the pathogenesis, immune response, development of new and more effective vaccines, therapies, and treatment. This review focuses on the most important research topics that deal with issues that are currently being solved, those that remain to be solved, and future research directions. For hepatitis A virus we will address epidemiology, molecular surveillance, new susceptible populations as well as environmental and food detections. In the case of hepatitis B virus, we will discuss host factors related to disease, diagnosis, therapy, and vaccine improvement. On hepatitis C virus, we will focus on pathogenesis, immune response, direct action antivirals treatment in the context of solid organ transplantation, issues related to hepatocellular carcinoma development, direct action antivirals resistance due to selection of resistance-associated variants, and vaccination. Regarding hepatitis D virus, we describe diagnostic methodology, pathogenesis, and therapy. Finally, for hepatitis E virus, we will address epidemiology (including new emerging species), diagnosis, clinical aspects, treatment, the development of a vaccine, and environmental surveillance.

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“…Another issue is that hepatitis A outbreaks are frequently reported among some special groups including persons experiencing homelessness and MSMs in developed countries. [112][113][114][115][116][117][118] Hepatitis A vaccination has been approved to be effective in controlling these outbreaks.…”

Section: Epidemiological Shift After Hepatitis a Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis A vaccination

Zhang

2020

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Hepatitis A is an important public health issue worldwide. Hepatitis A vaccine (HepA) was first licensed in 1992. Both inactivated HepA (HepA-I) and live attenuated HepA (HepA-L) are highly immunogenic and well tolerated, and immune protection postvaccination can persist for at least 20 y. HepA is effective for both preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis, especially among children and young adults. The strategy of HepA vaccination varies in different countries and mainly includes vaccination among highrisk populations, regional childhood vaccination and universal childhood vaccination. The incidence of hepatitis A has decreased greatly in many countries in the last 30 y, but hepatitis A outbreaks frequently occur among high-risk populations and those who have not been covered by universal child vaccination programs in recent years. Disease surveillance and serosurveys are suggested to clarify the shift in the epidemiology of hepatitis A. The long-term persistence of immune protection after one dose of HepA should be further studied, as well as the cost-effective evaluation of different strategies of HepA vaccination. Based on this evidence, the recommendation on HepA vaccination should be put forward scientifically and updated in a timely and well-implemented manner.

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Hepatitis A outbreak affecting men who have sex with men (MSM) in central Argentina, occurred in July 2017–April 2018, later than the European outbreak

Cited by 23 publications

References 10 publications

Hepatitis A vaccination and its immunological and epidemiological long-term effects – a review of the evidence

Hepatitis A vaccination and its immunological and epidemiological long-term effects – a review of the evidence

Viral hepatitis update: Progress and perspectives

Hepatitis A vaccination

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