Hepatitis a virus: Virologic, clinical, and epidemiologic studies

Dienstag, Jules L.

doi:10.1016/s0046-8177(81)80330-9

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…Clinical manifestations of symptomatic HAV infection vary from mild, anicteric illness, to fulminant hepatitis. The liver is the site of HAV replication but the virus is mainly excreted in stool (Dienstag 1981;Tjon et al 2006). Prolonged HAV fecal excretion, up to 6 months after infection, and presence in blood of persons with natural or experimental infections have been reported (Rosenblum et al 1991;Tjon et al 2006).…”

Section: Hepatitis a Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Transmission can also occur after exposure to HAVcontaminated blood or blood products, but not by exposure to saliva or urine (Fiore 2004). A wide variety of vehicles have been implicated in hepatitis A outbreaks, including recreational and drinking water, raw milk, orange juice, salads, cold meat, hamburgers, pasties, and seafood such as shellfish (Dienstag 1981;Gust 1992;Venter et al 2007). The spread of the virus is enhanced by its environmental robustness.…”

Section: Hepatitis a Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spread of the virus is enhanced by its environmental robustness. HAV has been shown to be resistant to concentrations of free residual chlorine of 0.5-1.5 lg/ml for 1 h, to withstand temperatures of 60-80°C for 1 h, freezethawing, low relative humidity (± 25% for 7 days), and pH values as low as pH 1 (Dienstag 1981;Venter et al 2007). HAV has been shown to survive for months in experimentally contaminated fresh water, seawater, marine sediments, wastewater, soils, and oysters (Venter et al 2007).…”

Section: Hepatitis a Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment

2011

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Viruses are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Determining the minimum dose of virus particles that can initiate infection, termed the minimum infective dose (MID), is important for the development of risk assessment models in the fields of food and water treatment and the implementation of appropriate infection control strategies in healthcare settings. Both respiratory and enteric viruses can be shed at high titers from infected individuals even when the infection is asymptomatic. Presence of pre-existing antibodies has been shown to affect the infectious dose and to be protective against reinfection for many, but not all viruses. Most respiratory viruses appear to be as infective in humans as in tissue culture. Doses of \1 TCID 50 of influenza virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus were reported to infect 50% of the tested population. Similarly, low doses of the enteric viruses, norovirus, rotavirus, echovirus, poliovirus, and hepatitis A virus, caused infection in at least some of the volunteers tested. A number of factors may influence viruses' infectivity in experimentally infected human volunteers. These include host and pathogen factors as well as the experimental methodology. As a result, the reported infective doses of human viruses have to be interpreted with caution.

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Section: Hepatitis a Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hepatitis a Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hepatitis a Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment

2011

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“…In young children HAV infection is usually asymptomatic, whereas symptomatic disease occurs more commonly among adults. Infection with HAV induces lifelong immunity 7–11 . In areas of low endemicity, hepatitis A usually occurs as a single case among persons in high‐risk groups, or as outbreaks involving a small number of persons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health measures in the control of viral hepatitis: A World Health Organization perspective for the next millennium

Lavanchy

2002

J of Gastro and Hepatol

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“…Previous studies using data from the region reported that the hospitalization of patients after the appearance of jaundice was unjustified, and that the quality of treatment between inpatient and outpatient settings would be similar [13,14]. However, in severe cases (<10% of HAV infections), patients are more likely to be managed in a hospital and to receive more intensive treatment, including ultrasound and computerized tomography exams, as well as liver biopsies [7,8,10]. In such cases, the assumption of similar quality of inpatient and outpatient treatment does not hold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost-analysis of different management policies for patients with mild hepatitis A virus infection in Kazakhstan

Yassin

Favorov²,

Maes

et al. 2005

Cost Eff Resour Alloc

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ObjectiveFor patients with mild hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, this study compared estimates of total costs associated with managing cases under a policy of mandatory hospitalization in the Republic of Kazakhstan and estimates of total costs associated with managing cases in outpatient settings. Costs were estimated both from the perspective of the Ministry of Health and from a broader societal perspective.MethodsData were collected by using a standardized structured questionnaire. For cases of mild HAV infection, medical records were obtained from 200 patients managed by hospitalization and from 251 patients managed in an outpatient setting. Personal interviews were also conducted to collect information on productivity losses and out-of-pocket expenses.ResultsNationally, we estimated about 21,600 cases of mild HAV infection annually. The mean annual treatment costs in hospital for mild HAV infection was estimated at US$3.39 million (2001 US$) (95% confidence interval [CI] = [US$3.26 million – US$3.52 million]). The total annual mild HAV infection cost to the society, including direct medical and nonmedical costs and productivity losses due to 721,440 lost work days, was estimated at US$6.26 million (95% CI [US$6.05 million – US$6.47 million]). In sensitivity analyses, the total annual cost of mild HAV infection ranged from US$4.37 million to US$24.66 million. The survey results showed that a relatively minor change in the current policy of mandatory hospitalization could result in an estimated total annual savings of US$4.62 million (2001 US$) in Kazakhstan.ConclusionAdoption of an outpatient management policy for cases of mild HAV infection would generate substantial cost savings to the Ministry of Health and society.

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Hepatitis a virus: Virologic, clinical, and epidemiologic studies

Cited by 10 publications

References 99 publications

Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment

Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment

Public health measures in the control of viral hepatitis: A World Health Organization perspective for the next millennium

Cost-analysis of different management policies for patients with mild hepatitis A virus infection in Kazakhstan

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