Hepatitis B epidemiology in Asia, the Middle East and Africa

André, Francis

doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00456-9

Cited by 256 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

180

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Where approximately 60% -70% of the cirrhotics are anti HCV positive, the frequency matches the prevalence of viral related hepatitis in Pakistan [30]. Positioned in the intermediate HBV prevalence area, Pakistan has a carrier rate of 3% -4% [31] which typically emphasizes that here HBV is an important cause of cirrhosis of liver [30]. Alcohol found as the commonest cause of liver cirrhosis in western countries contrasted to our study due to religious prohibition among Muslims.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Infections in Cirrhotics: Types, Microbiological Spectrum and Risk Factors—5-Year Cohort Study

Naqvi¹,

Mahmood²,

Talib³

et al. 2014

OJGas

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cirrhosis is an immunocompromised state that leads to various infections, with an estimated 30% mortality. Pakistan already has a high morbidity and mortality related to complications of cirrhosis. Where the data on infection among cirrhotics is scanty, this study aimed to determine the frequency, microbiological spectrum and various risk factors of infections in cirrhosis of liver. This is a prospective cohort study conducted at a tertiary care hospital. The microbiological spectrum and frequency of infections was determined in cirrhotics.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Infections in Cirrhotics: Types, Microbiological Spectrum and Risk Factors—5-Year Cohort Study

Naqvi¹,

Mahmood²,

Talib³

et al. 2014

OJGas

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This suggests the risk of perinatal transmission to be low. Many of these features are in common with surveys from other countries in East Africa, such as Kenya [7,39], and intermediate endemicity countries in Mediterranean North Africa, such as Tunisia [40,41]. Significant childhood horizontal transmission, and a HBsAg prevalence in excess of 5-8 %, are features ascribed to high endemicity [8,42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: transmission patterns and vaccine control

et al. 2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYA community-based seroepidemiological survey of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia was conducted in 1994 to inform on the transmission dynamics and control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Venous blood from 4736 individuals under 50 years of age from 1262 households, selected using stratified cluster-sampling, was screened for HBV markers using commercial ELISAs. HBsAg prevalence was 7% (95 % CI 6-8), higher in males (9 % ; 7-10) than females (5 %; 4-6). HBeAg prevalence in HBsAg positives was 23 % (18-29), and less than 1 % of women of childbearing age were HBeAg positive. Overall HBV seroprevalence (any marker), rose steadily with age to over 70 % in 40-49 year olds, indicating significant childhood and adult transmission. Estimated instantaneous incidence was 3-4/100 susceptibles/year, higher in males than females in 0-4 year olds, and peaking in early childhood and young adults. The age at which 50 % had evidence of infection was around 20 years, and the herd immunity threshold is approximated at 63-77%. Addis Ababa is of intermediate-high HBV endemicity, with negligible perinatal transmission. Our main findings are the identification of a significant difference between males and females in the age-acquisition of HBV infection, and marked differences between age groups in HBV incidence rates. These results should target future research studies of underlying risk factors. Furthermore, we generate a crude estimate of the level of coverage of HBV vaccine that would be required to eliminate the virus from the study population.

show abstract

“…10,11 Iran is an area of low endemicity for hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the Middle East. 12 A recent study showed that of the 2,000 samples of healthy blood donors, 131 (6.55%) blood samples were found to be positive for anti-HBc in the south of Iran. 13 A previous study on 4,930 subjects of general population had shown that 5.13% were positive for anti-HBc alone.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting response to HBV vaccination in people with positive anti-HBc but negative HBsAg and anti-HBs

Kabir¹,

Alavian²,

Kashani³

et al. 2008

Human Vaccines

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

It has been demonstrated that some HBsAg negative individuals and those positives for anti-HBc continue to replicate HBV. 6,7 These findings suggest that so-called recovery from acute hepatitis B virus infection may not result in complete virus elimination, but rather the immune system keep the virus at a very low level. A positive correlation has been shown between anti-HBc titer and detection of HBV-DNA in serum samples of HBsAg negative individuals. 8 Currently, a number of countries, including the United States screen all donations for anti HBc, which is not mandatory in some other countries. 9 However, detection of HBV-DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has the same significance as detection of HBsAg, and indicates current HBV infection. All blood donations in Iran are collected from volunteer donors, and tested for HBsAg as a marker of transmissible HBV. Though these measures have resulted in low rates of transmission by transfusion they have not eliminated it fully.Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, HBV infection continues to be an important problem in Iran and nearly 8,000 to 10,000 deaths occur each year due to this sequelae. In Iran, the rate of asymptomatic hepatitis B carriers (HBsAg positive) varies between 0 and 3.9 per cent with an average of 1.7 percent. 10,11 Iran is an area of low endemicity for hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the Middle East. 12 A recent study showed that of the 2,000 samples of healthy blood donors, 131 (6.55%) blood samples were found to be positive for anti-HBc in the south of Iran. 13 A previous study on 4,930 subjects of general population had shown that 5.13% were positive for anti-HBc alone. 14 Hepatitis B vaccination of these individuals has been largely used to understand the meaning of isolated anti-HBc. [15][16][17] Those who are immune will present an anamnestic anti-HBs response, after a single dose of vaccine. 18,19 The ability to differentiate HBV chronic infection, immunity or false-positive results in donors with isolated anti-HBc pattern has obvious significance for the prognosis, treatment and well being of such individuals. 3 In an attempt to identify the response rate to HB vaccination we have surveyed 94 healthy blood donors with positive anti-HBc and compared with controls. This study can particularly be of interest as it shows the predictors of non-response to HB vaccination as well as other prognostic factors that are related with higher non-response to HB vaccination.

show abstract

Hepatitis B epidemiology in Asia, the Middle East and Africa

Cited by 256 publications

References 4 publications

Infections in Cirrhotics: Types, Microbiological Spectrum and Risk Factors—5-Year Cohort Study

Infections in Cirrhotics: Types, Microbiological Spectrum and Risk Factors—5-Year Cohort Study

Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: transmission patterns and vaccine control

Predicting response to HBV vaccination in people with positive anti-HBc but negative HBsAg and anti-HBs

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About