Hepatitis C virus reinfection incidence and treatment outcome among HIV-positive MSM

Martin, Thomas C.; Martin, Natasha K.; Hickman, Matthew; Vickerman, Peter; Page, Emma; Everett, Rhiannon; Gazzard, Brian; Nelson, Mark

doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e32836381cc

Cited by 156 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Since injecting-drug use is still the major driving force of the uncontrolled HCV epidemic throughout the world (42)(43)(44), any attempt at global eradication of HCV through interferon-sparing treatment will have to target PWID and deal with a high proportion of mixed infections. In this setting, accurate subtyping and identification of mixed infections by deep-sequencing methods will be of critical importance to enhance treatment success and minimize the development and rapid spread of drug-resistant viruses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Resolution Hepatitis C Virus Subtyping Using NS5B Deep Sequencing and Phylogeny, an Alternative to Current Methods

et al. 2015

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There are seven confirmed hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes, with whole-genome nucleotide sequences differing by Ͼ30%, and each can be further subdivided into related subtypes (67 confirmed), with nucleotide sequence divergence of between 15% and 30% (1).Genotype identification has long been used in clinical practice, because major genotypes have different response rates and require different doses and durations of pegylated interferon and ribavirin (PR) treatment. In contrast, until recently, subtype identification was mainly used in epidemiological studies. However, both in vitro studies and clinical trials with different classes of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents (NS3 protease, NS5A-, and nucleos[t]ide and nonnucleos[t]ide NS5B-polymerase inhibitors), given with PR or in interferon-free combinations, have shown lower response rates for HCV genotype 1a than for HCV genotype 1b (2-8). Moreover, at least for HCV genotype 1, both the frequency and the pattern of resistance to different DAA classes are subtype specific (9). A striking example is the NS3-Q80K polymorphism, naturally found in Ͼ30% of naive subtype 1a patients but in Ͻ1% of subtype 1b patients (10), which conveys 30%-to-40%-lower sustained-virologic-response (SVR) rates to the macrocyclic protease inhibitor simeprevir (2). Similarly, all subtype 1g sequences identified naturally carry a mutation conferring resistance to linear NS3 protease inhibitors (11).Subtype-specific differences in the genetic barrier to resistance appear to correlate to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase mu-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Resolution Hepatitis C Virus Subtyping Using NS5B Deep Sequencing and Phylogeny, an Alternative to Current Methods

et al. 2015

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“…Reinfection with a new HCV infection can be distinguished from viral relapse of the initial HCV infection by viral sequencing [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. HCV reinfection has been observed in two main population groups, both of which are characterized by repeated exposures to HCV: PWIDs [5-10,12 -16] and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men who engage in high-risk sexual behaviour [11,17,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Many hepatitis C reinfections that spontaneously clear may be undetected: Markov-chain Monte Carlo analysis of observational study data

Sacks‐Davis

McBryde

Grebely

et al. 2015

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfection rates are probably underestimated due to reinfection episodes occurring between study visits. A Markov model of HCV reinfection and spontaneous clearance was fitted to empirical data. Bayesian post-estimation was used to project reinfection rates, reinfection spontaneous clearance probability and duration of reinfection. Uniform prior probability distributions were assumed for reinfection rate (more than 0), spontaneous clearance probability (0-1) and duration (0.25-6.00 months). Model estimates were 104 per 100 person-years (95% CrI: 21-344), 0.84 (95% CrI: 0.59-0.98) and 1.3 months (95% CrI: 0.3-4.1) for reinfection rate, spontaneous clearance probability and duration, respectively. Simulation studies were used to assess model validity, demonstrating that the Bayesian model estimates provided useful information about the possible sources and magnitude of bias in epidemiological estimates of reinfection rates, probability of reinfection clearance and duration or reinfection. The quality of the Bayesian estimates improved for larger samples and shorter test intervals. Uncertainty in model estimates notwithstanding, findings suggest that HCV reinfections frequently and quickly result in spontaneous clearance, with many reinfection events going unobserved.

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“…Notably, in one study up to 25% of MSM treated for infection became reinfected within two years highlighting the scale of the problem. 9 …”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

An update on hepatitis C virus

Klenerman

Fitzmaurice

2015

Clinical Medicine

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Hepatitis C virus reinfection incidence and treatment outcome among HIV-positive MSM

Abstract: Despite efforts at reducing risk behaviour, HIV-positive MSM who clear HCV infection remain at high risk of reinfection. This emphasizes the need for increased sexual education, surveillance and preventive intervention work.

Cited by 156 publications

References 33 publications

High-Resolution Hepatitis C Virus Subtyping Using NS5B Deep Sequencing and Phylogeny, an Alternative to Current Methods

High-Resolution Hepatitis C Virus Subtyping Using NS5B Deep Sequencing and Phylogeny, an Alternative to Current Methods

Many hepatitis C reinfections that spontaneously clear may be undetected: Markov-chain Monte Carlo analysis of observational study data

An update on hepatitis C virus

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