Hepatitis E in 24 Chinese Cities, 2008–2018: A New Analysis Method for the Disease's Occupational Characteristics

Abstract

Background: The disease burden of hepatitis E remains high. We used a new method (richness, diversity, evenness, and similarity analyses) to classify cities according to the occupational classification of hepatitis E patients across regions in China and compared the results of cluster analysis.Methods: Data on reported hepatitis E cases from 2008 to 2018 were collected from 24 cities (9 in Jilin Province, 13 in Jiangsu Province, Xiamen City, and Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture). Traditional statistical methods were used to describe the epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis E patients, while the new method and cluster analysis were used to classify the cities by analyzing the occupational composition across regions.Results: The prevalence of hepatitis E in eastern China (Jiangsu Province) was similar to that in the south (Xiamen City) and southwest of China (Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture), but higher than that in the north (Jilin Province). The age of hepatitis E patients was concentrated between 41 and 60 years, and the sex ratio ranged from 1:1.6 to 1:3.4. Farming was the most highly prevalent occupation; other sub-prevalent occupations included retirement, housework and unemployment. The incidence of occupations among migrant workers, medical staff, teachers, and students was moderate. There were several occupational types with few or no records, such as catering industry, caregivers and babysitters, diaspora children, childcare, herders, and fishing (boat) people. The occupational similarity of hepatitis E was high among economically developed cities, such as Nanjing, Wuxi, Baicheng, and Xiamen, while the similarity was small among cities with large economic disparities, such as Nanjing and Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture. A comparison of the classification results revealed more similarities and some differences when using these two methods.Conclusion: In China, the factors with the greatest influence on the prevalence of hepatitis E are living in the south, farming as an occupation, being middle-aged or elderly, and being male. The 24 cities we studied were highly diverse and moderately similar in terms of the occupational distribution of patients with hepatitis E. We confirmed the validity of the new method on in classifying cities according to their occupational composition by comparing it with the clustering method.

Changes and Clinical Significance of PIVKA-II in Hepatitis E Patients

“…In fact, the WHO has considered hepatitis E as an important public health problem in developing countries ( 2 ). In the recent years, with the improvement of the living standards of the Chinese population, the hepatitis E epidemic has been more controlled than that before, but there are still sporadic cases, and small-scale hepatitis E outbreaks have been reported from time to time ( 10 – 12 ). In addition, the age of onset has become a new feature in the epidemiology of hepatitis E in the country.…”

“…In addition, the age of onset has become a new feature in the epidemiology of hepatitis E in the country. An epidemiological survey on hepatitis E in China showed that the number of reported cases aged 45–69 years accounted for more than half of all reported cases ( 10 ). Moreover, Li et al reported that the prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies had increased with age ( 13 ).…”