Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Pakistan: An Update

Bhatti, Abu Bakar Hafeez

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78737-0_25

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Incidence of cancer and related mortality is increasing in the developing countries day by day. The prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma varies from 3.7% to 16% in our population 2 . Viral hepatitis B, C and D are attributed as the most common etiological cause of HCC 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Evaluation of Co-Relation between BCLC Stage of HCC and Alpha-Fetoprotein Levels

Hamayun¹,

Gardezi²,

Niazi³

et al. 2022

PJMHS

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Background: One of the leading cancers worldwide is the hepatocellular carcinoma, ranked as the 6th most common cancers. Aim: To evaluate the co-relation between BCLC staging of HCC and alpha fetoprotein levels. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methodology: Patients (n=90) of either gender irrespective of age who were diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma were included into the study. Clinical examination was performed and findings were noted. Eastern cooperative oncology group ECOG scoring system was used to identify the functional performance status of the patients. Hepatocellular carcinoma staging was done using the BCLC scoring system. Complete blood counts, Liver function tests (LFTS), INR, alpha fetoprotein levels, viral serology for hepatits and ultrasonography of abdomen were performed for all the patients. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results were presented as frequency and percentage. Age was presented as mean± SD. Results: Mean AFP levels were 400.7±305.4 IU/ml with a range of 8.50- 1015 IU/ml. 3(3.3%) patients were in BCLC stage 0, 23(25.6%) were in stage A, 33(36.7%) in stage B, 15(16.7%) in stage C and 16 (17.8%) in stage D. Results showed significant positive correlation between BCLC staging and AFP levels (r=o.834, p=0.001). Conclusion: It was concluded that Hep C followed by Hep B was the main cause of HCC. AFP has a significant diagnostic and prognostic value with positive co-relation with HCC. Keywords: Alpha-Fetoprotein, BCLC Staging, HCC and Liver Disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Evaluation of Co-Relation between BCLC Stage of HCC and Alpha-Fetoprotein Levels

Hamayun¹,

Gardezi²,

Niazi³

et al. 2022

PJMHS

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“…Approximately 3% of the global population is infected with HCV, with the highest endemic rates in Africa and Egypt. In Pakistan, around 10 million people have been diagnosed with HCV, which can lead to chronic conditions like liver cirrhosis (6,7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C in Pakistan from 2001 to 2022: A Systematic Review

Akbar Jamali,

Noonari,

Khuhro

et al. 2023

JHRR

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Background: Hepatitis B and C represent a significant public health concern globally, with a substantial burden in developing countries, particularly Pakistan. The country's diverse demographic and socio-economic landscape presents challenges in the surveillance and management of these infectious diseases. Objective: This systematic review aims to consolidate and analyse the prevalence data of Hepatitis B and C infections reported across Pakistan from 2001 to 2022 to understand the epidemiological trends and to inform public health interventions. Methods: A thorough search of various research databases was conducted to identify studies that reported the prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-Hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) antibodies. Studies were selected based on inclusion criteria focused on the population of Pakistan between 2001 and 2022. Data extraction was systematic, although a comprehensive quality assessment of each study was not completed. Results: The review included 54 studies with varying sample sizes and methodologies, including ELISA, ICT, PCR, and other serological assays. Prevalence rates for HBsAg and anti-HCV varied significantly, with HBsAg ranging from 0.9% to 44.4% and anti-HCV from 0.3% to 62.6%. These findings highlight a considerable regional variability and suggest an upward trend in HCV prevalence over the past two decades. Conclusion: The elevated prevalence rates of Hepatitis B and C across Pakistan underscore the need for robust public health policies, standardized surveillance, and targeted interventions. Despite the systematic approach to data extraction, the review is limited by the absence of a comprehensive quality assessment, which is essential for future research to build upon.

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“…The ramifications of HCV infection are particularly dire, ranging from acute hepatitis to chronic liver disease and the potential for developing hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC). In Pakistan, for instance, HCV is a leading cause of HCC (8). The absence of a viable vaccine for HCV, coupled with the high cost of treatment, underscores the need for accurate diagnosis to effectively manage and treat the infection, as well as to identify and mitigate potential risk factors (9)(10)(11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the high prevalence of these viruses in less affluent regions, particularly in parts of Asia and Africa, and the severe health consequences associated with delayed or inaccurate diagnosis, this research holds substantial public health importance. It aims to provide insights into optimizing diagnostic strategies in resource-constrained environments, thereby contributing to better disease management and prevention strategies (7,8,(18)(19)(20).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay with Immunochromatographic Strip for Screening of Hepatitis B virus Surface Antigen (Hbsag) and Hepatitis C Virus (Anti HCV) Related in a Low Resource Setting

Javed,

Aftab,

Waseem

et al. 2023

JHRR

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Background: Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV) are major causes of liver disease worldwide, with significant prevalence in low-resource settings. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management and control of these infections. This study compares the efficacy of immunochromatographic tests (ICT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the screening of HBV and HCV. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ICT in comparison with ELISA for the detection of HBsAg and anti-HCV in a semi-urban, low-resource setting. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 951 blood samples were collected from patients at a tertiary care hospital on the outskirts of Lahore. Samples were tested for HBsAg and anti-HCV using the rapid ICT method (Abbott Bioline HBsAg WB and Abbott Bioline HCV). Positive results were confirmed using ELISA (ANTEC Diagnostic Products, UK). Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, focusing on the comparison of sensitivity, specificity, and overall concordance between the two testing methods. Results: Out of 951 individuals tested, the ICT method identified 71 positive cases (7.4%), with 11 (1.2%) for HBsAg and 60 (6.3%) for anti-HCV. ELISA confirmed all 71 positive cases identified by ICT, indicating high concordance between the two methods. The gender distribution was 434 males (45.6%) and 517 females (54.4%), with the majority in the 21-40 year age group (52.2%). Conclusion: ICT is a reliable and cost-effective screening tool for HBsAg and anti-HCV in low-resource settings, with results highly comparable to those obtained from ELISA. Its application could significantly aid in the early detection and management of hepatitis in areas where access to more sophisticated diagnostic facilities is limited.

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Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Pakistan: An Update

Cited by 4 publications

References 48 publications

Evaluation of Co-Relation between BCLC Stage of HCC and Alpha-Fetoprotein Levels

Evaluation of Co-Relation between BCLC Stage of HCC and Alpha-Fetoprotein Levels

Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C in Pakistan from 2001 to 2022: A Systematic Review

Comparison of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay with Immunochromatographic Strip for Screening of Hepatitis B virus Surface Antigen (Hbsag) and Hepatitis C Virus (Anti HCV) Related in a Low Resource Setting

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