Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Internal Mammary Artery Supply: Feasibility and Efficacy of Transarterial Chemoembolization and Factors Affecting Patient Prognosis

Cutaneous complications after transcatheter arterial treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma via the internal mammary artery: how to avoid this complication

“…1,4,5,[8][9][10]12 After successful superselective catheterization of a tumor feeder, the risk of Lip-TAI (+TAE) tends to be acceptably low. On the other hand, when superselective catheterization cannot be achieved, TAE without chemotherapeutic agents, the so-called bland embolization procedure, or Lip-TAI (+TAE) after successful occlusion and protection of the territory of nontarget branches by coils or GS particles, may be a safe alternative.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] In such cases, effective treatment requires TACE via the collaterals. 1,[4][5][6][8][9][10] The internal mammary artery (IMA) is one of the common extrahepatic collaterals feeding HCC, and TACE via this vessel has yielded high technical success and effectiveness rates. 1,[3][4][5][6][8][9][10][11][12][13] However, this treatment may elicit cutaneous complications, such as skin rashes, ulcers, and necrosis.…”

“…1,[4][5][6][8][9][10] The internal mammary artery (IMA) is one of the common extrahepatic collaterals feeding HCC, and TACE via this vessel has yielded high technical success and effectiveness rates. 1,[3][4][5][6][8][9][10][11][12][13] However, this treatment may elicit cutaneous complications, such as skin rashes, ulcers, and necrosis. 1,3,4,8,12,13 Although most of these complications are transient, in some instances they are refractory to conservative therapy.…”

“…1,[3][4][5][6][8][9][10][11][12][13] However, this treatment may elicit cutaneous complications, such as skin rashes, ulcers, and necrosis. 1,3,4,8,12,13 Although most of these complications are transient, in some instances they are refractory to conservative therapy. 1,3,4,8 Ischemia of the territory of a nontarget branch, such as the anterior intercostal or the superior epigastric arteries that feature skin branches, is thought to be causative in the development of cutaneous complications after TACE of HCCs via the IMA.…”

“…1,3,4,8,12,13 Although most of these complications are transient, in some instances they are refractory to conservative therapy. 1,3,4,8 Ischemia of the territory of a nontarget branch, such as the anterior intercostal or the superior epigastric arteries that feature skin branches, is thought to be causative in the development of cutaneous complications after TACE of HCCs via the IMA. 1,9,12,14 In efforts to lower the rate of cutaneous complications in HCC patients undergoing TACE via the IMA, we retrospectively investigated sequelae elicited after 17 TACE procedures.…”