Hepatorenal Disorders

Abstract

Renal dysfunction is common in patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD); it takes on many forms from acute to chronic renal injury and may involve a variety of mechanisms. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a specific type of hepatorenal disorder (HRD) with a unique pathophysiology. HRS is characterized by splanchnic arterial vasodilatation and decreased effective intravascular volume that leads to renal vasoconstriction and decreased renal blood flow. The incidence of HRS in relation to other forms of HRD is unknown; however, it is estimated that 35% to 40% patients with ESLD and ascites eventually develop the condition. Two subtypes of HRS have been described. Type 1 HRS is rapidly progressive, whereas the renal function in type 2 HRS deteriorates slowly over weeks or months. Type 1 HRS may be precipitated by sepsis or acute alcoholic hepatitis and occasionally develops in patients who already have type 2 HRS. The diagnosis of HRS is based on the exclusion of other causes of renal dysfunction because no specific test is available. The definitive treatment of HRS is liver transplant. As a bridge to liver transplant, medical management with volume expansion and the use of vasoconstrictors is often implemented. A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt has been attempted in treating HRS, although there is little evidence of its efficacy compared with standard therapy. Renal replacement therapy is often used if the patient is a liver transplant candidate. Artificial liver assist devices are in the research phase.

Value of urinary KIM-1 and NGAL combined with serum Cys C for predicting acute kidney injury secondary to decompensated cirrhosis

“…Acute kidney injury primarily presents as a sharp decrease in GFR, rapid increases in SCr and blood urea nitrogen, and water and sodium retention. It is one of the most common complications of severe liver disease, and particularly end-stage liver disease 14 . Currently, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urine volume, and other indices are often used clinically to evaluate reductions in kidney function.…”

Liberation From Renal Replacement Therapy After Cadaveric Liver Transplantation

“…It is not surprising that the most common etiology of renal failure requiring RRT in our cohort was HRS, affecting 84.38% of the patients. HRS is the most common cause of acute kidney injury in cirrhotic patients, 9,10 with serious consequences on patient outcomes.…”

Mechanisms in fluid retention – towards a mutual concept

“…Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) denotes a serious complication comprising a progressive decrease in kidney function identified through increasing plasma creatinine levels in patients with a cronic liver disease attributable to no other kidney diseases (Al-Khafaji et al, 2015;Dundar & Yilmazlar, 2015;Busk et al, 2016).…”